ETH Price: $2,624.54 (+3.34%)
Gas: 3.43 Gwei

Transaction Decoder

Block:
20319509 at Jul-16-2024 01:56:11 PM +UTC
Transaction Fee:
0.0004684869862937 ETH $1.23
Gas Used:
54,955 Gas / 8.52492014 Gwei

Account State Difference:

  Address   Before After State Difference Code
0x331fd97d...6e27E3F75
0.049666569839566162 Eth
Nonce: 172
0.049198082853272462 Eth
Nonce: 173
0.0004684869862937
(beaverbuild)
17.917938648609113909 Eth17.917989525995100434 Eth0.000050877385986525
0x9C7BEBa8...7eF260649
G

Execution Trace

GravityTokenG.permit( owner=0x331fd97d58F925ae95673D2821E4f046e27E3F75, spender=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001, value=0, deadline=115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935, v=27, r=6BD1BDC9EE82219BAA76BC93A11524B0EE911D7BA003F2F5F2CB52A20D37F69E, s=79073429FBE7FE2A815A5CE8B2103F8C280E5EB1BA62716D05A7B725EFDFED9C )
  • Null: 0x000...001.e14557a0( )
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
     * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
     * specific functions.
     *
     * The initial owner is set to the address provided by the deployer. This can
     * later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
     *
     * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
     * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
     * the owner.
     */
    abstract contract Ownable is Context {
        address private _owner;
        /**
         * @dev The caller account is not authorized to perform an operation.
         */
        error OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address account);
        /**
         * @dev The owner is not a valid owner account. (eg. `address(0)`)
         */
        error OwnableInvalidOwner(address owner);
        event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
        /**
         * @dev Initializes the contract setting the address provided by the deployer as the initial owner.
         */
        constructor(address initialOwner) {
            if (initialOwner == address(0)) {
                revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
            }
            _transferOwnership(initialOwner);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
         */
        modifier onlyOwner() {
            _checkOwner();
            _;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
         */
        function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
            return _owner;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner.
         */
        function _checkOwner() internal view virtual {
            if (owner() != _msgSender()) {
                revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(_msgSender());
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
         * `onlyOwner` functions. Can only be called by the current owner.
         *
         * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
         * thereby disabling any functionality that is only available to the owner.
         */
        function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
            _transferOwnership(address(0));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
         * Can only be called by the current owner.
         */
        function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
            if (newOwner == address(0)) {
                revert OwnableInvalidOwner(address(0));
            }
            _transferOwnership(newOwner);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
         * Internal function without access restriction.
         */
        function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual {
            address oldOwner = _owner;
            _owner = newOwner;
            emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/Ownable2Step.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {Ownable} from "./Ownable.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Contract module which provides access control mechanism, where
     * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
     * specific functions.
     *
     * The initial owner is specified at deployment time in the constructor for `Ownable`. This
     * can later be changed with {transferOwnership} and {acceptOwnership}.
     *
     * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available all functions
     * from parent (Ownable).
     */
    abstract contract Ownable2Step is Ownable {
        address private _pendingOwner;
        event OwnershipTransferStarted(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the address of the pending owner.
         */
        function pendingOwner() public view virtual returns (address) {
            return _pendingOwner;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Starts the ownership transfer of the contract to a new account. Replaces the pending transfer if there is one.
         * Can only be called by the current owner.
         */
        function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual override onlyOwner {
            _pendingOwner = newOwner;
            emit OwnershipTransferStarted(owner(), newOwner);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`) and deletes any pending owner.
         * Internal function without access restriction.
         */
        function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual override {
            delete _pendingOwner;
            super._transferOwnership(newOwner);
        }
        /**
         * @dev The new owner accepts the ownership transfer.
         */
        function acceptOwnership() public virtual {
            address sender = _msgSender();
            if (pendingOwner() != sender) {
                revert OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(sender);
            }
            _transferOwnership(sender);
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Standard ERC20 Errors
     * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC20 tokens.
     */
    interface IERC20Errors {
        /**
         * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers.
         * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
         * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account.
         * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
         */
        error ERC20InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
         * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
         */
        error ERC20InvalidSender(address sender);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
         * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
         */
        error ERC20InvalidReceiver(address receiver);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender`’s `allowance`. Used in transfers.
         * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
         * @param allowance Amount of tokens a `spender` is allowed to operate with.
         * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
         */
        error ERC20InsufficientAllowance(address spender, uint256 allowance, uint256 needed);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
         * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
         */
        error ERC20InvalidApprover(address approver);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `spender` to be approved. Used in approvals.
         * @param spender Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
         */
        error ERC20InvalidSpender(address spender);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Standard ERC721 Errors
     * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC721 tokens.
     */
    interface IERC721Errors {
        /**
         * @dev Indicates that an address can't be an owner. For example, `address(0)` is a forbidden owner in EIP-20.
         * Used in balance queries.
         * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token.
         */
        error ERC721InvalidOwner(address owner);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a `tokenId` whose `owner` is the zero address.
         * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
         */
        error ERC721NonexistentToken(uint256 tokenId);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates an error related to the ownership over a particular token. Used in transfers.
         * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
         * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
         * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token.
         */
        error ERC721IncorrectOwner(address sender, uint256 tokenId, address owner);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
         * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
         */
        error ERC721InvalidSender(address sender);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
         * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
         */
        error ERC721InvalidReceiver(address receiver);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator`’s approval. Used in transfers.
         * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
         * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
         */
        error ERC721InsufficientApproval(address operator, uint256 tokenId);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
         * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
         */
        error ERC721InvalidApprover(address approver);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator` to be approved. Used in approvals.
         * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
         */
        error ERC721InvalidOperator(address operator);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Standard ERC1155 Errors
     * Interface of the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6093[ERC-6093] custom errors for ERC1155 tokens.
     */
    interface IERC1155Errors {
        /**
         * @dev Indicates an error related to the current `balance` of a `sender`. Used in transfers.
         * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
         * @param balance Current balance for the interacting account.
         * @param needed Minimum amount required to perform a transfer.
         * @param tokenId Identifier number of a token.
         */
        error ERC1155InsufficientBalance(address sender, uint256 balance, uint256 needed, uint256 tokenId);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `sender`. Used in transfers.
         * @param sender Address whose tokens are being transferred.
         */
        error ERC1155InvalidSender(address sender);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the token `receiver`. Used in transfers.
         * @param receiver Address to which tokens are being transferred.
         */
        error ERC1155InvalidReceiver(address receiver);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator`’s approval. Used in transfers.
         * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
         * @param owner Address of the current owner of a token.
         */
        error ERC1155MissingApprovalForAll(address operator, address owner);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `approver` of a token to be approved. Used in approvals.
         * @param approver Address initiating an approval operation.
         */
        error ERC1155InvalidApprover(address approver);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates a failure with the `operator` to be approved. Used in approvals.
         * @param operator Address that may be allowed to operate on tokens without being their owner.
         */
        error ERC1155InvalidOperator(address operator);
        /**
         * @dev Indicates an array length mismatch between ids and values in a safeBatchTransferFrom operation.
         * Used in batch transfers.
         * @param idsLength Length of the array of token identifiers
         * @param valuesLength Length of the array of token amounts
         */
        error ERC1155InvalidArrayLength(uint256 idsLength, uint256 valuesLength);
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC5267.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    interface IERC5267 {
        /**
         * @dev MAY be emitted to signal that the domain could have changed.
         */
        event EIP712DomainChanged();
        /**
         * @dev returns the fields and values that describe the domain separator used by this contract for EIP-712
         * signature.
         */
        function eip712Domain()
            external
            view
            returns (
                bytes1 fields,
                string memory name,
                string memory version,
                uint256 chainId,
                address verifyingContract,
                bytes32 salt,
                uint256[] memory extensions
            );
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {IERC20} from "./IERC20.sol";
    import {IERC20Metadata} from "./extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
    import {Context} from "../../utils/Context.sol";
    import {IERC20Errors} from "../../interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
     *
     * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
     * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
     *
     * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
     * https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
     * to implement supply mechanisms].
     *
     * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To change this, you should override
     * this function so it returns a different value.
     *
     * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert
     * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless
     * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20
     * applications.
     *
     * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
     * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
     * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
     * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
     */
    abstract contract ERC20 is Context, IERC20, IERC20Metadata, IERC20Errors {
        mapping(address account => uint256) private _balances;
        mapping(address account => mapping(address spender => uint256)) private _allowances;
        uint256 private _totalSupply;
        string private _name;
        string private _symbol;
        /**
         * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
         *
         * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
         * construction.
         */
        constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
            _name = name_;
            _symbol = symbol_;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the name of the token.
         */
        function name() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
            return _name;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
         * name.
         */
        function symbol() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
            return _symbol;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
         * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
         * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
         *
         * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
         * Ether and Wei. This is the default value returned by this function, unless
         * it's overridden.
         *
         * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
         * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
         * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
         */
        function decimals() public view virtual returns (uint8) {
            return 18;
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
         */
        function totalSupply() public view virtual returns (uint256) {
            return _totalSupply;
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
         */
        function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
            return _balances[account];
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
         * - the caller must have a balance of at least `value`.
         */
        function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) {
            address owner = _msgSender();
            _transfer(owner, to, value);
            return true;
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
         */
        function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
            return _allowances[owner][spender];
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
         *
         * NOTE: If `value` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on
         * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
         */
        function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) {
            address owner = _msgSender();
            _approve(owner, spender, value);
            return true;
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
         *
         * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
         * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
         *
         * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance
         * is the maximum `uint256`.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address.
         * - `from` must have a balance of at least `value`.
         * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least
         * `value`.
         */
        function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) {
            address spender = _msgSender();
            _spendAllowance(from, spender, value);
            _transfer(from, to, value);
            return true;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to`.
         *
         * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
         * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event.
         *
         * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead.
         */
        function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
            if (from == address(0)) {
                revert ERC20InvalidSender(address(0));
            }
            if (to == address(0)) {
                revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(address(0));
            }
            _update(from, to, value);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Transfers a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to`, or alternatively mints (or burns) if `from`
         * (or `to`) is the zero address. All customizations to transfers, mints, and burns should be done by overriding
         * this function.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event.
         */
        function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal virtual {
            if (from == address(0)) {
                // Overflow check required: The rest of the code assumes that totalSupply never overflows
                _totalSupply += value;
            } else {
                uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from];
                if (fromBalance < value) {
                    revert ERC20InsufficientBalance(from, fromBalance, value);
                }
                unchecked {
                    // Overflow not possible: value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply.
                    _balances[from] = fromBalance - value;
                }
            }
            if (to == address(0)) {
                unchecked {
                    // Overflow not possible: value <= totalSupply or value <= fromBalance <= totalSupply.
                    _totalSupply -= value;
                }
            } else {
                unchecked {
                    // Overflow not possible: balance + value is at most totalSupply, which we know fits into a uint256.
                    _balances[to] += value;
                }
            }
            emit Transfer(from, to, value);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Creates a `value` amount of tokens and assigns them to `account`, by transferring it from address(0).
         * Relies on the `_update` mechanism
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
         *
         * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead.
         */
        function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal {
            if (account == address(0)) {
                revert ERC20InvalidReceiver(address(0));
            }
            _update(address(0), account, value);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Destroys a `value` amount of tokens from `account`, lowering the total supply.
         * Relies on the `_update` mechanism.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
         *
         * NOTE: This function is not virtual, {_update} should be overridden instead
         */
        function _burn(address account, uint256 value) internal {
            if (account == address(0)) {
                revert ERC20InvalidSender(address(0));
            }
            _update(account, address(0), value);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
         *
         * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
         * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
         *
         * Emits an {Approval} event.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
         * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
         *
         * Overrides to this logic should be done to the variant with an additional `bool emitEvent` argument.
         */
        function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
            _approve(owner, spender, value, true);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Variant of {_approve} with an optional flag to enable or disable the {Approval} event.
         *
         * By default (when calling {_approve}) the flag is set to true. On the other hand, approval changes made by
         * `_spendAllowance` during the `transferFrom` operation set the flag to false. This saves gas by not emitting any
         * `Approval` event during `transferFrom` operations.
         *
         * Anyone who wishes to continue emitting `Approval` events on the`transferFrom` operation can force the flag to
         * true using the following override:
         * ```
         * function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool) internal virtual override {
         *     super._approve(owner, spender, value, true);
         * }
         * ```
         *
         * Requirements are the same as {_approve}.
         */
        function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value, bool emitEvent) internal virtual {
            if (owner == address(0)) {
                revert ERC20InvalidApprover(address(0));
            }
            if (spender == address(0)) {
                revert ERC20InvalidSpender(address(0));
            }
            _allowances[owner][spender] = value;
            if (emitEvent) {
                emit Approval(owner, spender, value);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `value`.
         *
         * Does not update the allowance value in case of infinite allowance.
         * Revert if not enough allowance is available.
         *
         * Does not emit an {Approval} event.
         */
        function _spendAllowance(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal virtual {
            uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
            if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) {
                if (currentAllowance < value) {
                    revert ERC20InsufficientAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, value);
                }
                unchecked {
                    _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - value, false);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Burnable.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {ERC20} from "../ERC20.sol";
    import {Context} from "../../../utils/Context.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Extension of {ERC20} that allows token holders to destroy both their own
     * tokens and those that they have an allowance for, in a way that can be
     * recognized off-chain (via event analysis).
     */
    abstract contract ERC20Burnable is Context, ERC20 {
        /**
         * @dev Destroys a `value` amount of tokens from the caller.
         *
         * See {ERC20-_burn}.
         */
        function burn(uint256 value) public virtual {
            _burn(_msgSender(), value);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Destroys a `value` amount of tokens from `account`, deducting from
         * the caller's allowance.
         *
         * See {ERC20-_burn} and {ERC20-allowance}.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - the caller must have allowance for ``accounts``'s tokens of at least
         * `value`.
         */
        function burnFrom(address account, uint256 value) public virtual {
            _spendAllowance(account, _msgSender(), value);
            _burn(account, value);
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Pausable.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {ERC20} from "../ERC20.sol";
    import {Pausable} from "../../../utils/Pausable.sol";
    /**
     * @dev ERC20 token with pausable token transfers, minting and burning.
     *
     * Useful for scenarios such as preventing trades until the end of an evaluation
     * period, or having an emergency switch for freezing all token transfers in the
     * event of a large bug.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This contract does not include public pause and unpause functions. In
     * addition to inheriting this contract, you must define both functions, invoking the
     * {Pausable-_pause} and {Pausable-_unpause} internal functions, with appropriate
     * access control, e.g. using {AccessControl} or {Ownable}. Not doing so will
     * make the contract pause mechanism of the contract unreachable, and thus unusable.
     */
    abstract contract ERC20Pausable is ERC20, Pausable {
        /**
         * @dev See {ERC20-_update}.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - the contract must not be paused.
         */
        function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal virtual override whenNotPaused {
            super._update(from, to, value);
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {IERC20Permit} from "./IERC20Permit.sol";
    import {ERC20} from "../ERC20.sol";
    import {ECDSA} from "../../../utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
    import {EIP712} from "../../../utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol";
    import {Nonces} from "../../../utils/Nonces.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Implementation of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
     *
     * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
     * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
     * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
     */
    abstract contract ERC20Permit is ERC20, IERC20Permit, EIP712, Nonces {
        bytes32 private constant PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
            keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");
        /**
         * @dev Permit deadline has expired.
         */
        error ERC2612ExpiredSignature(uint256 deadline);
        /**
         * @dev Mismatched signature.
         */
        error ERC2612InvalidSigner(address signer, address owner);
        /**
         * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`.
         *
         * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC20 token name.
         */
        constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {}
        /**
         * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit
         */
        function permit(
            address owner,
            address spender,
            uint256 value,
            uint256 deadline,
            uint8 v,
            bytes32 r,
            bytes32 s
        ) public virtual {
            if (block.timestamp > deadline) {
                revert ERC2612ExpiredSignature(deadline);
            }
            bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline));
            bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash);
            address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s);
            if (signer != owner) {
                revert ERC2612InvalidSigner(signer, owner);
            }
            _approve(owner, spender, value);
        }
        /**
         * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit
         */
        function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override(IERC20Permit, Nonces) returns (uint256) {
            return super.nonces(owner);
        }
        /**
         * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit
         */
        // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
        function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view virtual returns (bytes32) {
            return _domainSeparatorV4();
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
     */
    interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
        /**
         * @dev Returns the name of the token.
         */
        function name() external view returns (string memory);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
         */
        function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
         */
        function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
     *
     * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
     * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
     * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
     *
     * ==== Security Considerations
     *
     * There are two important considerations concerning the use of `permit`. The first is that a valid permit signature
     * expresses an allowance, and it should not be assumed to convey additional meaning. In particular, it should not be
     * considered as an intention to spend the allowance in any specific way. The second is that because permits have
     * built-in replay protection and can be submitted by anyone, they can be frontrun. A protocol that uses permits should
     * take this into consideration and allow a `permit` call to fail. Combining these two aspects, a pattern that may be
     * generally recommended is:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * function doThingWithPermit(..., uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public {
     *     try token.permit(msg.sender, address(this), value, deadline, v, r, s) {} catch {}
     *     doThing(..., value);
     * }
     *
     * function doThing(..., uint256 value) public {
     *     token.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), value);
     *     ...
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * Observe that: 1) `msg.sender` is used as the owner, leaving no ambiguity as to the signer intent, and 2) the use of
     * `try/catch` allows the permit to fail and makes the code tolerant to frontrunning. (See also
     * {SafeERC20-safeTransferFrom}).
     *
     * Additionally, note that smart contract wallets (such as Argent or Safe) are not able to produce permit signatures, so
     * contracts should have entry points that don't rely on permit.
     */
    interface IERC20Permit {
        /**
         * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
         * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
         *
         * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
         * ordering also apply here.
         *
         * Emits an {Approval} event.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
         * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
         * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
         * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
         * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
         *
         * For more information on the signature format, see the
         * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
         * section].
         *
         * CAUTION: See Security Considerations above.
         */
        function permit(
            address owner,
            address spender,
            uint256 value,
            uint256 deadline,
            uint8 v,
            bytes32 r,
            bytes32 s
        ) external;
        /**
         * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
         * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
         *
         * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
         * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
         */
        function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
         */
        // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
        function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
     */
    interface IERC20 {
        /**
         * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
         * another (`to`).
         *
         * Note that `value` may be zero.
         */
        event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
        /**
         * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
         * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
         */
        event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the value of tokens in existence.
         */
        function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the value of tokens owned by `account`.
         */
        function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);
        /**
         * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
         *
         * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event.
         */
        function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
         * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
         * zero by default.
         *
         * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
         */
        function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);
        /**
         * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the
         * caller's tokens.
         *
         * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
         *
         * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
         * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
         * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
         * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
         * desired value afterwards:
         * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
         *
         * Emits an {Approval} event.
         */
        function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
        /**
         * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the
         * allowance mechanism. `value` is then deducted from the caller's
         * allowance.
         *
         * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
         *
         * Emits a {Transfer} event.
         */
        function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
     * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
     * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
     * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
     * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
     * is concerned).
     *
     * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
     */
    abstract contract Context {
        function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
            return msg.sender;
        }
        function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
            return msg.data;
        }
        function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
     *
     * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
     * of the private keys of a given address.
     */
    library ECDSA {
        enum RecoverError {
            NoError,
            InvalidSignature,
            InvalidSignatureLength,
            InvalidSignatureS
        }
        /**
         * @dev The signature derives the `address(0)`.
         */
        error ECDSAInvalidSignature();
        /**
         * @dev The signature has an invalid length.
         */
        error ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256 length);
        /**
         * @dev The signature has an S value that is in the upper half order.
         */
        error ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(bytes32 s);
        /**
         * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with `signature` or an error. This will not
         * return address(0) without also returning an error description. Errors are documented using an enum (error type)
         * and a bytes32 providing additional information about the error.
         *
         * If no error is returned, then the address can be used for verification purposes.
         *
         * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
         * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
         * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
         *
         * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
         * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
         * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
         * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
         * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
         *
         * Documentation for signature generation:
         * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
         * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
         */
        function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError, bytes32) {
            if (signature.length == 65) {
                bytes32 r;
                bytes32 s;
                uint8 v;
                // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
                // currently is to use assembly.
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                    s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                    v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
                }
                return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
            } else {
                return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength, bytes32(signature.length));
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
         * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
         *
         * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
         * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
         * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
         *
         * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
         * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
         * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
         * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
         * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
         */
        function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
            (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
            _throwError(error, errorArg);
            return recovered;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
         *
         * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
         */
        function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError, bytes32) {
            unchecked {
                bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
                // We do not check for an overflow here since the shift operation results in 0 or 1.
                uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27);
                return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
         */
        function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address) {
            (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
            _throwError(error, errorArg);
            return recovered;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
         * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
         */
        function tryRecover(
            bytes32 hash,
            uint8 v,
            bytes32 r,
            bytes32 s
        ) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError, bytes32) {
            // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
            // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
            // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
            // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
            //
            // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
            // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
            // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
            // these malleable signatures as well.
            if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
                return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS, s);
            }
            // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
            address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
            if (signer == address(0)) {
                return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature, bytes32(0));
            }
            return (signer, RecoverError.NoError, bytes32(0));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
         * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
         */
        function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address) {
            (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
            _throwError(error, errorArg);
            return recovered;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Optionally reverts with the corresponding custom error according to the `error` argument provided.
         */
        function _throwError(RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) private pure {
            if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
                return; // no error: do nothing
            } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
                revert ECDSAInvalidSignature();
            } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
                revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256(errorArg));
            } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
                revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(errorArg);
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {MessageHashUtils} from "./MessageHashUtils.sol";
    import {ShortStrings, ShortString} from "../ShortStrings.sol";
    import {IERC5267} from "../../interfaces/IERC5267.sol";
    /**
     * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
     *
     * The encoding scheme specified in the EIP requires a domain separator and a hash of the typed structured data, whose
     * encoding is very generic and therefore its implementation in Solidity is not feasible, thus this contract
     * does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding they need in order to
     * produce the hash of their typed data using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
     *
     * This contract implements the EIP 712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
     * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
     * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
     *
     * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
     * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
     *
     * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
     * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
     *
     * NOTE: In the upgradeable version of this contract, the cached values will correspond to the address, and the domain
     * separator of the implementation contract. This will cause the {_domainSeparatorV4} function to always rebuild the
     * separator from the immutable values, which is cheaper than accessing a cached version in cold storage.
     *
     * @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow state-variable-immutable
     */
    abstract contract EIP712 is IERC5267 {
        using ShortStrings for *;
        bytes32 private constant TYPE_HASH =
            keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)");
        // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to
        // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes.
        bytes32 private immutable _cachedDomainSeparator;
        uint256 private immutable _cachedChainId;
        address private immutable _cachedThis;
        bytes32 private immutable _hashedName;
        bytes32 private immutable _hashedVersion;
        ShortString private immutable _name;
        ShortString private immutable _version;
        string private _nameFallback;
        string private _versionFallback;
        /**
         * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
         *
         * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
         * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP 712]:
         *
         * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
         * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
         *
         * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
         * contract upgrade].
         */
        constructor(string memory name, string memory version) {
            _name = name.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
            _version = version.toShortStringWithFallback(_versionFallback);
            _hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name));
            _hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version));
            _cachedChainId = block.chainid;
            _cachedDomainSeparator = _buildDomainSeparator();
            _cachedThis = address(this);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
         */
        function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {
            if (address(this) == _cachedThis && block.chainid == _cachedChainId) {
                return _cachedDomainSeparator;
            } else {
                return _buildDomainSeparator();
            }
        }
        function _buildDomainSeparator() private view returns (bytes32) {
            return keccak256(abi.encode(TYPE_HASH, _hashedName, _hashedVersion, block.chainid, address(this)));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
         * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
         *
         * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
         *
         * ```solidity
         * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
         *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
         *     mailTo,
         *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
         * )));
         * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
         * ```
         */
        function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
            return MessageHashUtils.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
        }
        /**
         * @dev See {IERC-5267}.
         */
        function eip712Domain()
            public
            view
            virtual
            returns (
                bytes1 fields,
                string memory name,
                string memory version,
                uint256 chainId,
                address verifyingContract,
                bytes32 salt,
                uint256[] memory extensions
            )
        {
            return (
                hex"0f", // 01111
                _EIP712Name(),
                _EIP712Version(),
                block.chainid,
                address(this),
                bytes32(0),
                new uint256[](0)
            );
        }
        /**
         * @dev The name parameter for the EIP712 domain.
         *
         * NOTE: By default this function reads _name which is an immutable value.
         * It only reads from storage if necessary (in case the value is too large to fit in a ShortString).
         */
        // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
        function _EIP712Name() internal view returns (string memory) {
            return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
        }
        /**
         * @dev The version parameter for the EIP712 domain.
         *
         * NOTE: By default this function reads _version which is an immutable value.
         * It only reads from storage if necessary (in case the value is too large to fit in a ShortString).
         */
        // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
        function _EIP712Version() internal view returns (string memory) {
            return _version.toStringWithFallback(_versionFallback);
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/cryptography/MessageHashUtils.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {Strings} from "../Strings.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Signature message hash utilities for producing digests to be consumed by {ECDSA} recovery or signing.
     *
     * The library provides methods for generating a hash of a message that conforms to the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-191[EIP 191] and https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712]
     * specifications.
     */
    library MessageHashUtils {
        /**
         * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-191 signed data with version
         * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages).
         *
         * The digest is calculated by prefixing a bytes32 `messageHash` with
         * `"\\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\
    32"` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the
         * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method.
         *
         * NOTE: The `messageHash` parameter is intended to be the result of hashing a raw message with
         * keccak256, although any bytes32 value can be safely used because the final digest will
         * be re-hashed.
         *
         * See {ECDSA-recover}.
         */
        function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 messageHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                mstore(0x00, "\\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\
    32") // 32 is the bytes-length of messageHash
                mstore(0x1c, messageHash) // 0x1c (28) is the length of the prefix
                digest := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c) // 0x3c is the length of the prefix (0x1c) + messageHash (0x20)
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-191 signed data with version
         * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages).
         *
         * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `message` with
         * `"\\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\
    " + len(message)` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the
         * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method.
         *
         * See {ECDSA-recover}.
         */
        function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory message) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
            return
                keccak256(bytes.concat("\\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\
    ", bytes(Strings.toString(message.length)), message));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-191 signed data with version
         * `0x00` (data with intended validator).
         *
         * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `data` with `"\\x19\\x00"` and the intended
         * `validator` address. Then hashing the result.
         *
         * See {ECDSA-recover}.
         */
        function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
            return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(hex"19_00", validator, data));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-712 typed data (EIP-191 version `0x01`).
         *
         * The digest is calculated from a `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`, by prefixing them with
         * `\\x19\\x01` and hashing the result. It corresponds to the hash signed by the
         * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`] JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
         *
         * See {ECDSA-recover}.
         */
        function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let ptr := mload(0x40)
                mstore(ptr, hex"19_01")
                mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator)
                mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash)
                digest := keccak256(ptr, 0x42)
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
     */
    library Math {
        /**
         * @dev Muldiv operation overflow.
         */
        error MathOverflowedMulDiv();
        enum Rounding {
            Floor, // Toward negative infinity
            Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
            Trunc, // Toward zero
            Expand // Away from zero
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
         */
        function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
            unchecked {
                uint256 c = a + b;
                if (c < a) return (false, 0);
                return (true, c);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
         */
        function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
            unchecked {
                if (b > a) return (false, 0);
                return (true, a - b);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
         */
        function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
            unchecked {
                // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
                // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
                // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
                if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
                uint256 c = a * b;
                if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
                return (true, c);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.
         */
        function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
            unchecked {
                if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
                return (true, a / b);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.
         */
        function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
            unchecked {
                if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
                return (true, a % b);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
         */
        function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return a > b ? a : b;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
         */
        function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            return a < b ? a : b;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
         * zero.
         */
        function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
            return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
         *
         * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
         * of rounding towards zero.
         */
        function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            if (b == 0) {
                // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
                return a / b;
            }
            // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
            return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
        }
        /**
         * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
         * denominator == 0.
         * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
         * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
         */
        function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
            unchecked {
                // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
                // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
                // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
                uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
                uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
                assembly {
                    let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                    prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
                }
                // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
                if (prod1 == 0) {
                    // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                    // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                    // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                    return prod0 / denominator;
                }
                // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
                if (denominator <= prod1) {
                    revert MathOverflowedMulDiv();
                }
                ///////////////////////////////////////////////
                // 512 by 256 division.
                ///////////////////////////////////////////////
                // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
                uint256 remainder;
                assembly {
                    // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                    remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)
                    // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                    prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                    prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
                }
                // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
                // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.
                uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
                assembly {
                    // Divide denominator by twos.
                    denominator := div(denominator, twos)
                    // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                    prod0 := div(prod0, twos)
                    // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                    twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
                }
                // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
                prod0 |= prod1 * twos;
                // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
                // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
                // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
                uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;
                // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
                // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
                inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
                inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
                inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
                inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
                inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
                inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256
                // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
                // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
                // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
                // is no longer required.
                result = prod0 * inverse;
                return result;
            }
        }
        /**
         * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
         */
        function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
            if (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
            return result;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
         * towards zero.
         *
         * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
         */
        function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            if (a == 0) {
                return 0;
            }
            // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
            //
            // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
            // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
            //
            // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
            // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
            // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
            //
            // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
            uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);
            // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
            // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
            // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
            // into the expected uint128 result.
            unchecked {
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
                return min(result, a / result);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
         */
        function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            unchecked {
                uint256 result = sqrt(a);
                return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
         * Returns 0 if given 0.
         */
        function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            uint256 result = 0;
            unchecked {
                if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                    value >>= 128;
                    result += 128;
                }
                if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                    value >>= 64;
                    result += 64;
                }
                if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                    value >>= 32;
                    result += 32;
                }
                if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                    value >>= 16;
                    result += 16;
                }
                if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                    value >>= 8;
                    result += 8;
                }
                if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                    value >>= 4;
                    result += 4;
                }
                if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                    value >>= 2;
                    result += 2;
                }
                if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                    result += 1;
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
         * Returns 0 if given 0.
         */
        function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            unchecked {
                uint256 result = log2(value);
                return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
         * Returns 0 if given 0.
         */
        function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            uint256 result = 0;
            unchecked {
                if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                    value /= 10 ** 64;
                    result += 64;
                }
                if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                    value /= 10 ** 32;
                    result += 32;
                }
                if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                    value /= 10 ** 16;
                    result += 16;
                }
                if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                    value /= 10 ** 8;
                    result += 8;
                }
                if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                    value /= 10 ** 4;
                    result += 4;
                }
                if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                    value /= 10 ** 2;
                    result += 2;
                }
                if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                    result += 1;
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
         * Returns 0 if given 0.
         */
        function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            unchecked {
                uint256 result = log10(value);
                return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value ? 1 : 0);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
         * Returns 0 if given 0.
         *
         * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
         */
        function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            uint256 result = 0;
            unchecked {
                if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                    value >>= 128;
                    result += 16;
                }
                if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                    value >>= 64;
                    result += 8;
                }
                if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                    value >>= 32;
                    result += 4;
                }
                if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                    value >>= 16;
                    result += 2;
                }
                if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                    result += 1;
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
         * Returns 0 if given 0.
         */
        function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            unchecked {
                uint256 result = log256(value);
                return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value ? 1 : 0);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
         */
        function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
            return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
     */
    library SignedMath {
        /**
         * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
         */
        function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
            return a > b ? a : b;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
         */
        function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
            return a < b ? a : b;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
         * The result is rounded towards zero.
         */
        function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
            // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
            int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
            return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
         */
        function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            unchecked {
                // must be unchecked in order to support `n = type(int256).min`
                return uint256(n >= 0 ? n : -n);
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Nonces.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Provides tracking nonces for addresses. Nonces will only increment.
     */
    abstract contract Nonces {
        /**
         * @dev The nonce used for an `account` is not the expected current nonce.
         */
        error InvalidAccountNonce(address account, uint256 currentNonce);
        mapping(address account => uint256) private _nonces;
        /**
         * @dev Returns the next unused nonce for an address.
         */
        function nonces(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
            return _nonces[owner];
        }
        /**
         * @dev Consumes a nonce.
         *
         * Returns the current value and increments nonce.
         */
        function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256) {
            // For each account, the nonce has an initial value of 0, can only be incremented by one, and cannot be
            // decremented or reset. This guarantees that the nonce never overflows.
            unchecked {
                // It is important to do x++ and not ++x here.
                return _nonces[owner]++;
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Same as {_useNonce} but checking that `nonce` is the next valid for `owner`.
         */
        function _useCheckedNonce(address owner, uint256 nonce) internal virtual {
            uint256 current = _useNonce(owner);
            if (nonce != current) {
                revert InvalidAccountNonce(owner, current);
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Pausable.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";
    /**
     * @dev Contract module which allows children to implement an emergency stop
     * mechanism that can be triggered by an authorized account.
     *
     * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the
     * modifiers `whenNotPaused` and `whenPaused`, which can be applied to
     * the functions of your contract. Note that they will not be pausable by
     * simply including this module, only once the modifiers are put in place.
     */
    abstract contract Pausable is Context {
        bool private _paused;
        /**
         * @dev Emitted when the pause is triggered by `account`.
         */
        event Paused(address account);
        /**
         * @dev Emitted when the pause is lifted by `account`.
         */
        event Unpaused(address account);
        /**
         * @dev The operation failed because the contract is paused.
         */
        error EnforcedPause();
        /**
         * @dev The operation failed because the contract is not paused.
         */
        error ExpectedPause();
        /**
         * @dev Initializes the contract in unpaused state.
         */
        constructor() {
            _paused = false;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - The contract must not be paused.
         */
        modifier whenNotPaused() {
            _requireNotPaused();
            _;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - The contract must be paused.
         */
        modifier whenPaused() {
            _requirePaused();
            _;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns true if the contract is paused, and false otherwise.
         */
        function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
            return _paused;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Throws if the contract is paused.
         */
        function _requireNotPaused() internal view virtual {
            if (paused()) {
                revert EnforcedPause();
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Throws if the contract is not paused.
         */
        function _requirePaused() internal view virtual {
            if (!paused()) {
                revert ExpectedPause();
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Triggers stopped state.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - The contract must not be paused.
         */
        function _pause() internal virtual whenNotPaused {
            _paused = true;
            emit Paused(_msgSender());
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns to normal state.
         *
         * Requirements:
         *
         * - The contract must be paused.
         */
        function _unpause() internal virtual whenPaused {
            _paused = false;
            emit Unpaused(_msgSender());
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/ShortStrings.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {StorageSlot} from "./StorageSlot.sol";
    // | string  | 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA   |
    // | length  | 0x                                                              BB |
    type ShortString is bytes32;
    /**
     * @dev This library provides functions to convert short memory strings
     * into a `ShortString` type that can be used as an immutable variable.
     *
     * Strings of arbitrary length can be optimized using this library if
     * they are short enough (up to 31 bytes) by packing them with their
     * length (1 byte) in a single EVM word (32 bytes). Additionally, a
     * fallback mechanism can be used for every other case.
     *
     * Usage example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * contract Named {
     *     using ShortStrings for *;
     *
     *     ShortString private immutable _name;
     *     string private _nameFallback;
     *
     *     constructor(string memory contractName) {
     *         _name = contractName.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
     *     }
     *
     *     function name() external view returns (string memory) {
     *         return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
     *     }
     * }
     * ```
     */
    library ShortStrings {
        // Used as an identifier for strings longer than 31 bytes.
        bytes32 private constant FALLBACK_SENTINEL = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FF;
        error StringTooLong(string str);
        error InvalidShortString();
        /**
         * @dev Encode a string of at most 31 chars into a `ShortString`.
         *
         * This will trigger a `StringTooLong` error is the input string is too long.
         */
        function toShortString(string memory str) internal pure returns (ShortString) {
            bytes memory bstr = bytes(str);
            if (bstr.length > 31) {
                revert StringTooLong(str);
            }
            return ShortString.wrap(bytes32(uint256(bytes32(bstr)) | bstr.length));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Decode a `ShortString` back to a "normal" string.
         */
        function toString(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            uint256 len = byteLength(sstr);
            // using `new string(len)` would work locally but is not memory safe.
            string memory str = new string(32);
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                mstore(str, len)
                mstore(add(str, 0x20), sstr)
            }
            return str;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the length of a `ShortString`.
         */
        function byteLength(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (uint256) {
            uint256 result = uint256(ShortString.unwrap(sstr)) & 0xFF;
            if (result > 31) {
                revert InvalidShortString();
            }
            return result;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Encode a string into a `ShortString`, or write it to storage if it is too long.
         */
        function toShortStringWithFallback(string memory value, string storage store) internal returns (ShortString) {
            if (bytes(value).length < 32) {
                return toShortString(value);
            } else {
                StorageSlot.getStringSlot(store).value = value;
                return ShortString.wrap(FALLBACK_SENTINEL);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Decode a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using {setWithFallback}.
         */
        function toStringWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) {
                return toString(value);
            } else {
                return store;
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Return the length of a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using
         * {setWithFallback}.
         *
         * WARNING: This will return the "byte length" of the string. This may not reflect the actual length in terms of
         * actual characters as the UTF-8 encoding of a single character can span over multiple bytes.
         */
        function byteLengthWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal view returns (uint256) {
            if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) {
                return byteLength(value);
            } else {
                return bytes(store).length;
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/StorageSlot.sol)
    // This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/StorageSlot.js.
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    /**
     * @dev Library for reading and writing primitive types to specific storage slots.
     *
     * Storage slots are often used to avoid storage conflict when dealing with upgradeable contracts.
     * This library helps with reading and writing to such slots without the need for inline assembly.
     *
     * The functions in this library return Slot structs that contain a `value` member that can be used to read or write.
     *
     * Example usage to set ERC1967 implementation slot:
     * ```solidity
     * contract ERC1967 {
     *     bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
     *
     *     function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
     *         return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
     *     }
     *
     *     function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) internal {
     *         require(newImplementation.code.length > 0);
     *         StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
     *     }
     * }
     * ```
     */
    library StorageSlot {
        struct AddressSlot {
            address value;
        }
        struct BooleanSlot {
            bool value;
        }
        struct Bytes32Slot {
            bytes32 value;
        }
        struct Uint256Slot {
            uint256 value;
        }
        struct StringSlot {
            string value;
        }
        struct BytesSlot {
            bytes value;
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
         */
        function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
         */
        function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
         */
        function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
         */
        function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
         */
        function getStringSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` representation of the string storage pointer `store`.
         */
        function getStringSlot(string storage store) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := store.slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
         */
        function getBytesSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := slot
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` representation of the bytes storage pointer `store`.
         */
        function getBytesSlot(bytes storage store) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r.slot := store.slot
            }
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Strings.sol)
    pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
    import {Math} from "./math/Math.sol";
    import {SignedMath} from "./math/SignedMath.sol";
    /**
     * @dev String operations.
     */
    library Strings {
        bytes16 private constant HEX_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef";
        uint8 private constant ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;
        /**
         * @dev The `value` string doesn't fit in the specified `length`.
         */
        error StringsInsufficientHexLength(uint256 value, uint256 length);
        /**
         * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
         */
        function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            unchecked {
                uint256 length = Math.log10(value) + 1;
                string memory buffer = new string(length);
                uint256 ptr;
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length))
                }
                while (true) {
                    ptr--;
                    /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                    assembly {
                        mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), HEX_DIGITS))
                    }
                    value /= 10;
                    if (value == 0) break;
                }
                return buffer;
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
         */
        function toStringSigned(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            return string.concat(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMath.abs(value)));
        }
        /**
         * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
         */
        function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            unchecked {
                return toHexString(value, Math.log256(value) + 1);
            }
        }
        /**
         * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
         */
        function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            uint256 localValue = value;
            bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
            buffer[0] = "0";
            buffer[1] = "x";
            for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
                buffer[i] = HEX_DIGITS[localValue & 0xf];
                localValue >>= 4;
            }
            if (localValue != 0) {
                revert StringsInsufficientHexLength(value, length);
            }
            return string(buffer);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal
         * representation.
         */
        function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
            return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), ADDRESS_LENGTH);
        }
        /**
         * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal.
         */
        function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) {
            return bytes(a).length == bytes(b).length && keccak256(bytes(a)) == keccak256(bytes(b));
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    // Compatible with OpenZeppelin Contracts ^5.0.0
    pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
    import { ERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
    import { ERC20Burnable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Burnable.sol";
    import { ERC20Pausable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Pausable.sol";
    import { ERC20Permit } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol";
    import { Ownable2Step, Ownable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable2Step.sol";
    import { LimitedMinterManager } from "./LimitedMinterManager.sol";
    /// @title Gravity G Token (ERC20) Contract
    /// @author Galxe Team
    /// @notice G token supports:
    /// - pausable transfers, minting and burning
    /// - ERC20Permit signatures for approvals
    /// - native cross-chain ERC20 by supporting limited minter management for bridges.
    /// @custom:security-contact [email protected]
    contract GravityTokenG is ERC20, ERC20Burnable, ERC20Pausable, ERC20Permit, LimitedMinterManager, Ownable2Step {
        string private _newName;
        constructor(address initialAdmin) ERC20("Gravity", "G") ERC20Permit("Gravity") Ownable(initialAdmin) {
            _newName = super.name();
        }
        /// @notice Pauses the contract.
        function pause() public onlyOwner {
            _pause();
        }
        /// @notice Unpauses the contract.
        function unpause() public onlyOwner {
            _unpause();
        }
        /// @notice Returns the name of the token.
        /// @dev This is a custom function that overrides the OpenZeppelin function.
        function name() public view override returns (string memory) {
            return _newName;
        }
        /// @notice Sets the name of the token.
        /// @dev This gives the owner the ability to change the name of the token.
        function setName(string memory newName) public onlyOwner {
            _newName = newName;
        }
        /// ownerMint can only be called by the owner for initial token distribution
        /// @param to token receiver
        /// @param amount amount of tokens to mint
        function ownerMint(address to, uint256 amount) public onlyOwner {
            _mint(to, amount);
        }
        // Overrides required by Solidity.
        function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal override(ERC20, ERC20Pausable) {
            super._update(from, to, value);
        }
        // cross chain bridge minting
        /// @notice Sets the minting limits for a minter
        /// @param _minter the address of the minter
        /// @param _mintingLimit the limited amount of tokens that can be minted in a period
        /// @param _duration the duration window for minting limit.
        function setMinterLimit(address _minter, uint256 _mintingLimit, uint256 _duration) public onlyOwner {
            _setMinterLimit(_minter, _mintingLimit, _duration);
        }
        /// @notice Removes a minter
        /// @dev Can only be called by the owner. Since add/remove minters can only be done by the owner,
        ///      this indexHint is safe from DoS attacks.
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter we are deleting
        /// @param _indexHint The index hint of the minter
        function removeMinterByIndexHint(address _minter, uint256 _indexHint) public onlyOwner {
            _removeMinterByIndexHint(_minter, _indexHint);
        }
        /// @notice Mints tokens for a user by minter
        /// @dev Can only be called by a bridge
        /// @param _user The address of the user who needs tokens minted
        /// @param _amount The amount of tokens being minted
        function mint(address _user, uint256 _amount) public {
            // will revert if not enough limits
            _minterMint(msg.sender, _amount);
            _mint(_user, _amount);
        }
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    pragma solidity >=0.8.4 <0.9.0;
    /// @title ILimitedMinterManagerManager is a simplified version of IXERC20 with no lockbox and no permission to burn.
    /// This is for ERC20 tokens that can be bridged cross-chain natively.
    /// Minters can mint tokens for users, but only up to a certain limit per a period of time.
    /// Minters can be trusted bridges, or other contracts that need to mint tokens for users.
    interface ILimitedMinterManager {
        /// @notice Emits when a limit is set
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter we are setting the limit too
        /// @param _mintingLimit The updated minting limit we are setting to the minter
        /// @param _duration The duration window for maxLimit to be replenished
        event MinterLimitsSet(address indexed _minter, uint256 _mintingLimit, uint256 _duration);
        /// @notice Emits when a minter mints tokens
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter
        /// @param _to The address of the user receiving the tokens
        /// @param _amount The amount of tokens being minted
        event MinterMinted(address indexed _minter, address indexed _to, uint256 _amount);
        /// @notice Emits when a minter is added
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter we are adding
        event MinterNewlyAdded(address indexed _minter);
        /// @notice Emits when a minter is removed
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter we are removing
        event MinterRemoved(address indexed _minter);
        /// @notice Reverts when a user with too low of a limit tries to call mint
        error ILimitedMinterManager_NotEnoughLimits();
        /// @notice Reverts when a user tries to set a duration of 0
        error ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidDuration();
        /// @notice Reverts when limits are too high
        error ILimitedMinterManager_LimitsTooHigh();
        /// @notice Reverts when an invalid index is used
        error ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidIndex();
        /// @notice Reverts when the index hint is incorrect
        error ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidIndexHint();
        /// @notice Contains the mint parameters
        /// @param timestamp The timestamp of the last mint
        /// @param maxLimit The max limit of the minter
        /// @param duration The duration window for maxLimit
        /// @param currentLimit The current limit of the minter
        struct MinterConfig {
            uint256 timestamp;
            uint256 maxLimit;
            uint256 duration;
            uint256 currentLimit;
        }
        /// @notice Get the total number of minters
        function getMinterCount() external view returns (uint256);
        /// @notice Retrieve the address of a minter by index
        /// @param _index The index of the minter
        function getMinterByIndex(uint256 _index) external view returns (address);
        /// @notice Retrieve the minter configuration
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter
        function getMinterConfig(address _minter) external view returns (MinterConfig memory);
        /// @notice Returns the max limit of a minter
        /// @param _minter The minter we are viewing the limits of
        /// @return _limit The limit the minter has
        function mintingMaxLimitOf(address _minter) external view returns (uint256 _limit);
        /// @notice Returns the current limit of a minter
        /// @param _minter The minter we are viewing the limits of
        /// @return _limit The limit the minter has
        function mintingCurrentLimitOf(address _minter) external view returns (uint256 _limit);
    }
    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
    import { ILimitedMinterManager } from "./interfaces/ILimitedMinterManager.sol";
    contract LimitedMinterManager is ILimitedMinterManager {
        /// @notice Maps minter address to minter configurations
        mapping(address => MinterConfig) private _minterConfigs;
        /// @notice Array of minters, making minters enumerable.
        address[] private _minters;
        /// @notice Get the total number of minters
        function getMinterCount() public view returns (uint256) {
            return _minters.length;
        }
        /// @notice Retrieve the address of a minter by index
        /// @param _index The index of the minter
        function getMinterByIndex(uint256 _index) public view returns (address) {
            if (_index >= _minters.length) {
                revert ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidIndex();
            }
            return _minters[_index];
        }
        /// @notice Retrieve the minter configuration
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter
        function getMinterConfig(address _minter) public view returns (MinterConfig memory) {
            return _minterConfigs[_minter];
        }
        /// @notice Remove the minter using the index hint.
        /// @dev Can only be called by the owner. Allowing deletion of minter gives
        ///      the owner the ability reset the minters status, clearing the currentLimit and timestamp.
        function _removeMinterByIndexHint(address _minter, uint256 _index) internal {
            if (_index >= _minters.length) {
                revert ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidIndex();
            }
            if (_minters[_index] != _minter) {
                revert ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidIndexHint();
            }
            delete _minterConfigs[_minter];
            if (_index != _minters.length - 1) {
                _minters[_index] = _minters[_minters.length - 1];
            }
            _minters.pop();
            emit MinterRemoved(_minter);
        }
        /// @notice Updates the limits of a minter, minter will NOT be deleted if the limit is set to 0.
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter we are setting the limits too
        /// @param _mintingLimit The updated minting limit we are setting to the minter
        /// @param _duration The duration window for maxLimit to be replenished
        function _setMinterLimit(address _minter, uint256 _mintingLimit, uint256 _duration) internal {
            if (_mintingLimit > (type(uint256).max / 2)) {
                revert ILimitedMinterManager_LimitsTooHigh();
            }
            if (_duration == 0) {
                revert ILimitedMinterManager_InvalidDuration();
            }
            // The duration can never be 0 for a minter, so when duration is currently 0
            // this is a new minter being added.
            if (_minterConfigs[_minter].duration == 0) {
                _minters.push(_minter);
                emit MinterNewlyAdded(_minter);
            }
            _changeMinterLimit(_minter, _mintingLimit, _duration);
            emit MinterLimitsSet(_minter, _mintingLimit, _duration);
        }
        /// @notice use minter's limit to mint token, revert if not enough
        /// @dev Can only be called by the minter
        /// @param _minter The minter address
        /// @param _amount The amount of tokens being minted
        function _minterMint(address _minter, uint256 _amount) internal {
            uint256 _currentLimit = mintingCurrentLimitOf(_minter);
            if (_currentLimit < _amount) revert ILimitedMinterManager_NotEnoughLimits();
            _useMinterLimits(_minter, _amount);
            emit MinterMinted(_minter, _minter, _amount);
        }
        /// @notice Returns the max limit of a minter
        /// @param _minter the minter we are viewing the limits of
        /// @return _limit The limit the minter has
        function mintingMaxLimitOf(address _minter) public view returns (uint256 _limit) {
            _limit = _minterConfigs[_minter].maxLimit;
        }
        /// @notice Returns the current limit of a minter
        /// @param _minter the minter we are viewing the limits of
        /// @return _limit The limit the minter has
        function mintingCurrentLimitOf(address _minter) public view returns (uint256 _limit) {
            // not a minter
            if (_minterConfigs[_minter].duration == 0) {
                return 0;
            }
            _limit = _getCurrentLimit(
                _minterConfigs[_minter].currentLimit,
                _minterConfigs[_minter].maxLimit,
                _minterConfigs[_minter].duration,
                _minterConfigs[_minter].timestamp
            );
        }
        /// @notice Uses the limit of any minter
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter who is being changed
        /// @param _change The change in the limit
        function _useMinterLimits(address _minter, uint256 _change) private {
            uint256 _currentLimit = mintingCurrentLimitOf(_minter);
            _minterConfigs[_minter].timestamp = block.timestamp;
            _minterConfigs[_minter].currentLimit = _currentLimit - _change;
        }
        /// @notice Updates the limit of any minter
        /// @dev Can only be called by the owner
        /// @param _minter The address of the minter we are setting the limit too
        /// @param _limit The updated limit we are setting to the minter
        /// @param _duration The duration window for maxLimit to be replenished
        function _changeMinterLimit(address _minter, uint256 _limit, uint256 _duration) private {
            uint256 _oldLimit = _minterConfigs[_minter].maxLimit;
            uint256 _currentLimit = mintingCurrentLimitOf(_minter);
            _minterConfigs[_minter].maxLimit = _limit;
            _minterConfigs[_minter].currentLimit = _calculateNewCurrentLimit(_limit, _oldLimit, _currentLimit);
            _minterConfigs[_minter].timestamp = block.timestamp;
            _minterConfigs[_minter].duration = _duration;
        }
        /// @notice Updates the current limit
        /// @param _limit The new limit
        /// @param _oldLimit The old limit
        /// @param _currentLimit The current limit
        /// @return _newCurrentLimit The new current limit
        function _calculateNewCurrentLimit(
            uint256 _limit,
            uint256 _oldLimit,
            uint256 _currentLimit
        ) internal pure returns (uint256 _newCurrentLimit) {
            uint256 _difference;
            if (_oldLimit > _limit) {
                _difference = _oldLimit - _limit;
                _newCurrentLimit = _currentLimit > _difference ? _currentLimit - _difference : 0;
            } else {
                _difference = _limit - _oldLimit;
                _newCurrentLimit = _currentLimit + _difference;
            }
        }
        /// @notice Gets the current limit
        /// @param _currentLimit The current limit
        /// @param _maxLimit The max limit
        /// @param _duration The duration window for maxLimit
        /// @return _limit The current limit
        function _getCurrentLimit(
            uint256 _currentLimit,
            uint256 _maxLimit,
            uint256 _duration,
            uint256 _timestamp
        ) internal view returns (uint256 _limit) {
            _limit = _currentLimit;
            if (_limit == _maxLimit) {
                return _limit;
            } else if (_timestamp + _duration <= block.timestamp) {
                _limit = _maxLimit;
            } else if (_timestamp + _duration > block.timestamp) {
                uint256 _timePassed = block.timestamp - _timestamp;
                uint256 _calculatedLimit = _limit + ((_timePassed * _maxLimit) / _duration);
                _limit = _calculatedLimit > _maxLimit ? _maxLimit : _calculatedLimit;
            }
        }
    }