// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Constants } from "src/libraries/Constants.sol";
/// @title IL1ChugSplashDeployer
interface IL1ChugSplashDeployer {
    function isUpgrading() external view returns (bool);
}
/// @custom:legacy
/// @title L1ChugSplashProxy
/// @notice Basic ChugSplash proxy contract for L1. Very close to being a normal proxy but has added
///         functions `setCode` and `setStorage` for changing the code or storage of the contract.
///         Note for future developers: do NOT make anything in this contract 'public' unless you
///         know what you're doing. Anything public can potentially have a function signature that
///         conflicts with a signature attached to the implementation contract. Public functions
///         SHOULD always have the `proxyCallIfNotOwner` modifier unless there's some *really* good
///         reason not to have that modifier. And there almost certainly is not a good reason to not
///         have that modifier. Beware!
contract L1ChugSplashProxy {
    /// @notice "Magic" prefix. When prepended to some arbitrary bytecode and used to create a
    ///         contract, the appended bytecode will be deployed as given.
    bytes13 internal constant DEPLOY_CODE_PREFIX = 0x600D380380600D6000396000f3;
    /// @notice Blocks a function from being called when the parent signals that the system should
    ///         be paused via an isUpgrading function.
    modifier onlyWhenNotPaused() {
        address owner = _getOwner();
        // We do a low-level call because there's no guarantee that the owner actually *is* an
        // L1ChugSplashDeployer contract and Solidity will throw errors if we do a normal call and
        // it turns out that it isn't the right type of contract.
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) =
            owner.staticcall(abi.encodeWithSelector(IL1ChugSplashDeployer.isUpgrading.selector));
        // If the call was unsuccessful then we assume that there's no "isUpgrading" method and we
        // can just continue as normal. We also expect that the return value is exactly 32 bytes
        // long. If this isn't the case then we can safely ignore the result.
        if (success && returndata.length == 32) {
            // Although the expected value is a *boolean*, it's safer to decode as a uint256 in the
            // case that the isUpgrading function returned something other than 0 or 1. But we only
            // really care about the case where this value is 0 (= false).
            uint256 ret = abi.decode(returndata, (uint256));
            require(ret == 0, "L1ChugSplashProxy: system is currently being upgraded");
        }
        _;
    }
    /// @notice Makes a proxy call instead of triggering the given function when the caller is
    ///         either the owner or the zero address. Caller can only ever be the zero address if
    ///         this function is being called off-chain via eth_call, which is totally fine and can
    ///         be convenient for client-side tooling. Avoids situations where the proxy and
    ///         implementation share a sighash and the proxy function ends up being called instead
    ///         of the implementation one.
    ///         Note: msg.sender == address(0) can ONLY be triggered off-chain via eth_call. If
    ///         there's a way for someone to send a transaction with msg.sender == address(0) in any
    ///         real context then we have much bigger problems. Primary reason to include this
    ///         additional allowed sender is because the owner address can be changed dynamically
    ///         and we do not want clients to have to keep track of the current owner in order to
    ///         make an eth_call that doesn't trigger the proxied contract.
    // slither-disable-next-line incorrect-modifier
    modifier proxyCallIfNotOwner() {
        if (msg.sender == _getOwner() || msg.sender == address(0)) {
            _;
        } else {
            // This WILL halt the call frame on completion.
            _doProxyCall();
        }
    }
    /// @param _owner Address of the initial contract owner.
    constructor(address _owner) {
        _setOwner(_owner);
    }
    // slither-disable-next-line locked-ether
    receive() external payable {
        // Proxy call by default.
        _doProxyCall();
    }
    // slither-disable-next-line locked-ether
    fallback() external payable {
        // Proxy call by default.
        _doProxyCall();
    }
    /// @notice Sets the code that should be running behind this proxy.
    ///         Note: This scheme is a bit different from the standard proxy scheme where one would
    ///         typically deploy the code separately and then set the implementation address. We're
    ///         doing it this way because it gives us a lot more freedom on the client side. Can
    ///         only be triggered by the contract owner.
    /// @param _code New contract code to run inside this contract.
    function setCode(bytes memory _code) external proxyCallIfNotOwner {
        // Get the code hash of the current implementation.
        address implementation = _getImplementation();
        // If the code hash matches the new implementation then we return early.
        if (keccak256(_code) == _getAccountCodeHash(implementation)) {
            return;
        }
        // Create the deploycode by appending the magic prefix.
        bytes memory deploycode = abi.encodePacked(DEPLOY_CODE_PREFIX, _code);
        // Deploy the code and set the new implementation address.
        address newImplementation;
        assembly {
            newImplementation := create(0x0, add(deploycode, 0x20), mload(deploycode))
        }
        // Check that the code was actually deployed correctly. I'm not sure if you can ever
        // actually fail this check. Should only happen if the contract creation from above runs
        // out of gas but this parent execution thread does NOT run out of gas. Seems like we
        // should be doing this check anyway though.
        require(
            _getAccountCodeHash(newImplementation) == keccak256(_code),
            "L1ChugSplashProxy: code was not correctly deployed"
        );
        _setImplementation(newImplementation);
    }
    /// @notice Modifies some storage slot within the proxy contract. Gives us a lot of power to
    ///         perform upgrades in a more transparent way. Only callable by the owner.
    /// @param _key   Storage key to modify.
    /// @param _value New value for the storage key.
    function setStorage(bytes32 _key, bytes32 _value) external proxyCallIfNotOwner {
        assembly {
            sstore(_key, _value)
        }
    }
    /// @notice Changes the owner of the proxy contract. Only callable by the owner.
    /// @param _owner New owner of the proxy contract.
    function setOwner(address _owner) external proxyCallIfNotOwner {
        _setOwner(_owner);
    }
    /// @notice Queries the owner of the proxy contract. Can only be called by the owner OR by
    ///         making an eth_call and setting the "from" address to address(0).
    /// @return Owner address.
    function getOwner() external proxyCallIfNotOwner returns (address) {
        return _getOwner();
    }
    /// @notice Queries the implementation address. Can only be called by the owner OR by making an
    ///         eth_call and setting the "from" address to address(0).
    /// @return Implementation address.
    function getImplementation() external proxyCallIfNotOwner returns (address) {
        return _getImplementation();
    }
    /// @notice Sets the implementation address.
    /// @param _implementation New implementation address.
    function _setImplementation(address _implementation) internal {
        bytes32 proxyImplementation = Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            sstore(proxyImplementation, _implementation)
        }
    }
    /// @notice Changes the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @param _owner New owner of the proxy contract.
    function _setOwner(address _owner) internal {
        bytes32 proxyOwner = Constants.PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            sstore(proxyOwner, _owner)
        }
    }
    /// @notice Performs the proxy call via a delegatecall.
    function _doProxyCall() internal onlyWhenNotPaused {
        address implementation = _getImplementation();
        require(implementation != address(0), "L1ChugSplashProxy: implementation is not set yet");
        assembly {
            // Copy calldata into memory at 0x0....calldatasize.
            calldatacopy(0x0, 0x0, calldatasize())
            // Perform the delegatecall, make sure to pass all available gas.
            let success := delegatecall(gas(), implementation, 0x0, calldatasize(), 0x0, 0x0)
            // Copy returndata into memory at 0x0....returndatasize. Note that this *will*
            // overwrite the calldata that we just copied into memory but that doesn't really
            // matter because we'll be returning in a second anyway.
            returndatacopy(0x0, 0x0, returndatasize())
            // Success == 0 means a revert. We'll revert too and pass the data up.
            if iszero(success) { revert(0x0, returndatasize()) }
            // Otherwise we'll just return and pass the data up.
            return(0x0, returndatasize())
        }
    }
    /// @notice Queries the implementation address.
    /// @return Implementation address.
    function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
        address implementation;
        bytes32 proxyImplementation = Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            implementation := sload(proxyImplementation)
        }
        return implementation;
    }
    /// @notice Queries the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @return Owner address.
    function _getOwner() internal view returns (address) {
        address owner;
        bytes32 proxyOwner = Constants.PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            owner := sload(proxyOwner)
        }
        return owner;
    }
    /// @notice Gets the code hash for a given account.
    /// @param _account Address of the account to get a code hash for.
    /// @return Code hash for the account.
    function _getAccountCodeHash(address _account) internal view returns (bytes32) {
        bytes32 codeHash;
        assembly {
            codeHash := extcodehash(_account)
        }
        return codeHash;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import { ResourceMetering } from "../L1/ResourceMetering.sol";
/// @title Constants
/// @notice Constants is a library for storing constants. Simple! Don't put everything in here, just
///         the stuff used in multiple contracts. Constants that only apply to a single contract
///         should be defined in that contract instead.
library Constants {
    /// @notice Special address to be used as the tx origin for gas estimation calls in the
    ///         OptimismPortal and CrossDomainMessenger calls. You only need to use this address if
    ///         the minimum gas limit specified by the user is not actually enough to execute the
    ///         given message and you're attempting to estimate the actual necessary gas limit. We
    ///         use address(1) because it's the ecrecover precompile and therefore guaranteed to
    ///         never have any code on any EVM chain.
    address internal constant ESTIMATION_ADDRESS = address(1);
    /// @notice Value used for the L2 sender storage slot in both the OptimismPortal and the
    ///         CrossDomainMessenger contracts before an actual sender is set. This value is
    ///         non-zero to reduce the gas cost of message passing transactions.
    address internal constant DEFAULT_L2_SENDER = 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dEaD;
    /// @notice The storage slot that holds the address of a proxy implementation.
    /// @dev `bytes32(uint256(keccak256('eip1967.proxy.implementation')) - 1)`
    bytes32 internal constant PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS =
        0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
    /// @notice The storage slot that holds the address of the owner.
    /// @dev `bytes32(uint256(keccak256('eip1967.proxy.admin')) - 1)`
    bytes32 internal constant PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS = 0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103;
    /// @notice Returns the default values for the ResourceConfig. These are the recommended values
    ///         for a production network.
    function DEFAULT_RESOURCE_CONFIG() internal pure returns (ResourceMetering.ResourceConfig memory) {
        ResourceMetering.ResourceConfig memory config = ResourceMetering.ResourceConfig({
            maxResourceLimit: 20_000_000,
            elasticityMultiplier: 10,
            baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator: 8,
            minimumBaseFee: 1 gwei,
            systemTxMaxGas: 1_000_000,
            maximumBaseFee: type(uint128).max
        });
        return config;
    }
    /// @notice The `reinitailizer` input for upgradable contracts. This value must be updated
    ///         each time that the contracts are deployed.
    uint8 internal constant INITIALIZER = 1;
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Initializable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import { Burn } from "src/libraries/Burn.sol";
import { Arithmetic } from "src/libraries/Arithmetic.sol";
/// @custom:upgradeable
/// @title ResourceMetering
/// @notice ResourceMetering implements an EIP-1559 style resource metering system where pricing
///         updates automatically based on current demand.
abstract contract ResourceMetering is Initializable {
    /// @notice Represents the various parameters that control the way in which resources are
    ///         metered. Corresponds to the EIP-1559 resource metering system.
    /// @custom:field prevBaseFee   Base fee from the previous block(s).
    /// @custom:field prevBoughtGas Amount of gas bought so far in the current block.
    /// @custom:field prevBlockNum  Last block number that the base fee was updated.
    struct ResourceParams {
        uint128 prevBaseFee;
        uint64 prevBoughtGas;
        uint64 prevBlockNum;
    }
    /// @notice Represents the configuration for the EIP-1559 based curve for the deposit gas
    ///         market. These values should be set with care as it is possible to set them in
    ///         a way that breaks the deposit gas market. The target resource limit is defined as
    ///         maxResourceLimit / elasticityMultiplier. This struct was designed to fit within a
    ///         single word. There is additional space for additions in the future.
    /// @custom:field maxResourceLimit             Represents the maximum amount of deposit gas that
    ///                                            can be purchased per block.
    /// @custom:field elasticityMultiplier         Determines the target resource limit along with
    ///                                            the resource limit.
    /// @custom:field baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator  Determines max change on fee per block.
    /// @custom:field minimumBaseFee               The min deposit base fee, it is clamped to this
    ///                                            value.
    /// @custom:field systemTxMaxGas               The amount of gas supplied to the system
    ///                                            transaction. This should be set to the same
    ///                                            number that the op-node sets as the gas limit
    ///                                            for the system transaction.
    /// @custom:field maximumBaseFee               The max deposit base fee, it is clamped to this
    ///                                            value.
    struct ResourceConfig {
        uint32 maxResourceLimit;
        uint8 elasticityMultiplier;
        uint8 baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator;
        uint32 minimumBaseFee;
        uint32 systemTxMaxGas;
        uint128 maximumBaseFee;
    }
    /// @notice EIP-1559 style gas parameters.
    ResourceParams public params;
    /// @notice Reserve extra slots (to a total of 50) in the storage layout for future upgrades.
    uint256[48] private __gap;
    /// @notice Meters access to a function based an amount of a requested resource.
    /// @param _amount Amount of the resource requested.
    modifier metered(uint64 _amount) {
        // Record initial gas amount so we can refund for it later.
        uint256 initialGas = gasleft();
        // Run the underlying function.
        _;
        // Run the metering function.
        _metered(_amount, initialGas);
    }
    /// @notice An internal function that holds all of the logic for metering a resource.
    /// @param _amount     Amount of the resource requested.
    /// @param _initialGas The amount of gas before any modifier execution.
    function _metered(uint64 _amount, uint256 _initialGas) internal {
        // Update block number and base fee if necessary.
        uint256 blockDiff = block.number - params.prevBlockNum;
        ResourceConfig memory config = _resourceConfig();
        int256 targetResourceLimit =
            int256(uint256(config.maxResourceLimit)) / int256(uint256(config.elasticityMultiplier));
        if (blockDiff > 0) {
            // Handle updating EIP-1559 style gas parameters. We use EIP-1559 to restrict the rate
            // at which deposits can be created and therefore limit the potential for deposits to
            // spam the L2 system. Fee scheme is very similar to EIP-1559 with minor changes.
            int256 gasUsedDelta = int256(uint256(params.prevBoughtGas)) - targetResourceLimit;
            int256 baseFeeDelta = (int256(uint256(params.prevBaseFee)) * gasUsedDelta)
                / (targetResourceLimit * int256(uint256(config.baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator)));
            // Update base fee by adding the base fee delta and clamp the resulting value between
            // min and max.
            int256 newBaseFee = Arithmetic.clamp({
                _value: int256(uint256(params.prevBaseFee)) + baseFeeDelta,
                _min: int256(uint256(config.minimumBaseFee)),
                _max: int256(uint256(config.maximumBaseFee))
            });
            // If we skipped more than one block, we also need to account for every empty block.
            // Empty block means there was no demand for deposits in that block, so we should
            // reflect this lack of demand in the fee.
            if (blockDiff > 1) {
                // Update the base fee by repeatedly applying the exponent 1-(1/change_denominator)
                // blockDiff - 1 times. Simulates multiple empty blocks. Clamp the resulting value
                // between min and max.
                newBaseFee = Arithmetic.clamp({
                    _value: Arithmetic.cdexp({
                        _coefficient: newBaseFee,
                        _denominator: int256(uint256(config.baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator)),
                        _exponent: int256(blockDiff - 1)
                    }),
                    _min: int256(uint256(config.minimumBaseFee)),
                    _max: int256(uint256(config.maximumBaseFee))
                });
            }
            // Update new base fee, reset bought gas, and update block number.
            params.prevBaseFee = uint128(uint256(newBaseFee));
            params.prevBoughtGas = 0;
            params.prevBlockNum = uint64(block.number);
        }
        // Make sure we can actually buy the resource amount requested by the user.
        params.prevBoughtGas += _amount;
        require(
            int256(uint256(params.prevBoughtGas)) <= int256(uint256(config.maxResourceLimit)),
            "ResourceMetering: cannot buy more gas than available gas limit"
        );
        // Determine the amount of ETH to be paid.
        uint256 resourceCost = uint256(_amount) * uint256(params.prevBaseFee);
        // We currently charge for this ETH amount as an L1 gas burn, so we convert the ETH amount
        // into gas by dividing by the L1 base fee. We assume a minimum base fee of 1 gwei to avoid
        // division by zero for L1s that don't support 1559 or to avoid excessive gas burns during
        // periods of extremely low L1 demand. One-day average gas fee hasn't dipped below 1 gwei
        // during any 1 day period in the last 5 years, so should be fine.
        uint256 gasCost = resourceCost / Math.max(block.basefee, 1 gwei);
        // Give the user a refund based on the amount of gas they used to do all of the work up to
        // this point. Since we're at the end of the modifier, this should be pretty accurate. Acts
        // effectively like a dynamic stipend (with a minimum value).
        uint256 usedGas = _initialGas - gasleft();
        if (gasCost > usedGas) {
            Burn.gas(gasCost - usedGas);
        }
    }
    /// @notice Virtual function that returns the resource config.
    ///         Contracts that inherit this contract must implement this function.
    /// @return ResourceConfig
    function _resourceConfig() internal virtual returns (ResourceConfig memory);
    /// @notice Sets initial resource parameter values.
    ///         This function must either be called by the initializer function of an upgradeable
    ///         child contract.
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __ResourceMetering_init() internal onlyInitializing {
        if (params.prevBlockNum == 0) {
            params = ResourceParams({ prevBaseFee: 1 gwei, prevBoughtGas: 0, prevBlockNum: uint64(block.number) });
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.2;
import "../../utils/Address.sol";
/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     * @custom:oz-retyped-from bool
     */
    uint8 private _initialized;
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private _initializing;
    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint8 version);
    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts. Equivalent to `reinitializer(1)`.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        bool isTopLevelCall = !_initializing;
        require(
            (isTopLevelCall && _initialized < 1) || (!Address.isContract(address(this)) && _initialized == 1),
            "Initializable: contract is already initialized"
        );
        _initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }
    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * `initializer` is equivalent to `reinitializer(1)`, so a reinitializer may be used after the original
     * initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that are added through upgrades and that require
     * initialization.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint8 version) {
        require(!_initializing && _initialized < version, "Initializable: contract is already initialized");
        _initialized = version;
        _initializing = true;
        _;
        _initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        require(_initializing, "Initializable: contract is not initializing");
        _;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        require(!_initializing, "Initializable: contract is initializing");
        if (_initialized < type(uint8).max) {
            _initialized = type(uint8).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint8).max);
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a >= b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }
    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }
            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }
            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1);
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)
                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }
            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.
            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)
                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)
                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }
            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;
            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;
            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256
            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }
    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator,
        Rounding rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. It the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`.
        // We also know that `k`, the position of the most significant bit, is such that `msb(a) = 2**k`.
        // This gives `2**k < a <= 2**(k+1)` → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2 ** (k/2+1)`.
        // Using an algorithm similar to the msb conmputation, we are able to compute `result = 2**(k/2)` which is a
        // good first aproximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1;
        uint256 x = a;
        if (x >> 128 > 0) {
            x >>= 128;
            result <<= 64;
        }
        if (x >> 64 > 0) {
            x >>= 64;
            result <<= 32;
        }
        if (x >> 32 > 0) {
            x >>= 32;
            result <<= 16;
        }
        if (x >> 16 > 0) {
            x >>= 16;
            result <<= 8;
        }
        if (x >> 8 > 0) {
            x >>= 8;
            result <<= 4;
        }
        if (x >> 4 > 0) {
            x >>= 4;
            result <<= 2;
        }
        if (x >> 2 > 0) {
            result <<= 1;
        }
        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }
    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = sqrt(a);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
/// @title Burn
/// @notice Utilities for burning stuff.
library Burn {
    /// @notice Burns a given amount of ETH.
    /// @param _amount Amount of ETH to burn.
    function eth(uint256 _amount) internal {
        new Burner{ value: _amount }();
    }
    /// @notice Burns a given amount of gas.
    /// @param _amount Amount of gas to burn.
    function gas(uint256 _amount) internal view {
        uint256 i = 0;
        uint256 initialGas = gasleft();
        while (initialGas - gasleft() < _amount) {
            ++i;
        }
    }
}
/// @title Burner
/// @notice Burner self-destructs on creation and sends all ETH to itself, removing all ETH given to
///         the contract from the circulating supply. Self-destructing is the only way to remove ETH
///         from the circulating supply.
contract Burner {
    constructor() payable {
        selfdestruct(payable(address(this)));
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { SignedMath } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/SignedMath.sol";
import { FixedPointMathLib } from "@rari-capital/solmate/src/utils/FixedPointMathLib.sol";
/// @title Arithmetic
/// @notice Even more math than before.
library Arithmetic {
    /// @notice Clamps a value between a minimum and maximum.
    /// @param _value The value to clamp.
    /// @param _min   The minimum value.
    /// @param _max   The maximum value.
    /// @return The clamped value.
    function clamp(int256 _value, int256 _min, int256 _max) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return SignedMath.min(SignedMath.max(_value, _min), _max);
    }
    /// @notice (c)oefficient (d)enominator (exp)onentiation function.
    ///         Returns the result of: c * (1 - 1/d)^exp.
    /// @param _coefficient Coefficient of the function.
    /// @param _denominator Fractional denominator.
    /// @param _exponent    Power function exponent.
    /// @return Result of c * (1 - 1/d)^exp.
    function cdexp(int256 _coefficient, int256 _denominator, int256 _exponent) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return (_coefficient * (FixedPointMathLib.powWad(1e18 - (1e18 / _denominator), _exponent * 1e18))) / 1e18;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/Address.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.1;
/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.
        return account.code.length > 0;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");
        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: static call to non-contract");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: delegate call to non-contract");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Tool to verifies that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
            if (returndata.length > 0) {
                // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                    revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
                }
            } else {
                revert(errorMessage);
            }
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
/**
 * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library SignedMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a >= b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
     * The result is rounded towards zero.
     */
    function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
        int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
        return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
     */
    function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // must be unchecked in order to support `n = type(int256).min`
            return uint256(n >= 0 ? n : -n);
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.0;
/// @notice Arithmetic library with operations for fixed-point numbers.
/// @author Solmate (https://github.com/Rari-Capital/solmate/blob/main/src/utils/FixedPointMathLib.sol)
library FixedPointMathLib {
    /*//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                    SIMPLIFIED FIXED POINT OPERATIONS
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    uint256 internal constant WAD = 1e18; // The scalar of ETH and most ERC20s.
    function mulWadDown(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivDown(x, y, WAD); // Equivalent to (x * y) / WAD rounded down.
    }
    function mulWadUp(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivUp(x, y, WAD); // Equivalent to (x * y) / WAD rounded up.
    }
    function divWadDown(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivDown(x, WAD, y); // Equivalent to (x * WAD) / y rounded down.
    }
    function divWadUp(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivUp(x, WAD, y); // Equivalent to (x * WAD) / y rounded up.
    }
    function powWad(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Equivalent to x to the power of y because x ** y = (e ** ln(x)) ** y = e ** (ln(x) * y)
        return expWad((lnWad(x) * y) / int256(WAD)); // Using ln(x) means x must be greater than 0.
    }
    function expWad(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 r) {
        unchecked {
            // When the result is < 0.5 we return zero. This happens when
            // x <= floor(log(0.5e18) * 1e18) ~ -42e18
            if (x <= -42139678854452767551) return 0;
            // When the result is > (2**255 - 1) / 1e18 we can not represent it as an
            // int. This happens when x >= floor(log((2**255 - 1) / 1e18) * 1e18) ~ 135.
            if (x >= 135305999368893231589) revert("EXP_OVERFLOW");
            // x is now in the range (-42, 136) * 1e18. Convert to (-42, 136) * 2**96
            // for more intermediate precision and a binary basis. This base conversion
            // is a multiplication by 1e18 / 2**96 = 5**18 / 2**78.
            x = (x << 78) / 5**18;
            // Reduce range of x to (-½ ln 2, ½ ln 2) * 2**96 by factoring out powers
            // of two such that exp(x) = exp(x') * 2**k, where k is an integer.
            // Solving this gives k = round(x / log(2)) and x' = x - k * log(2).
            int256 k = ((x << 96) / 54916777467707473351141471128 + 2**95) >> 96;
            x = x - k * 54916777467707473351141471128;
            // k is in the range [-61, 195].
            // Evaluate using a (6, 7)-term rational approximation.
            // p is made monic, we'll multiply by a scale factor later.
            int256 y = x + 1346386616545796478920950773328;
            y = ((y * x) >> 96) + 57155421227552351082224309758442;
            int256 p = y + x - 94201549194550492254356042504812;
            p = ((p * y) >> 96) + 28719021644029726153956944680412240;
            p = p * x + (4385272521454847904659076985693276 << 96);
            // We leave p in 2**192 basis so we don't need to scale it back up for the division.
            int256 q = x - 2855989394907223263936484059900;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 50020603652535783019961831881945;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) - 533845033583426703283633433725380;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 3604857256930695427073651918091429;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) - 14423608567350463180887372962807573;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 26449188498355588339934803723976023;
            assembly {
                // Div in assembly because solidity adds a zero check despite the unchecked.
                // The q polynomial won't have zeros in the domain as all its roots are complex.
                // No scaling is necessary because p is already 2**96 too large.
                r := sdiv(p, q)
            }
            // r should be in the range (0.09, 0.25) * 2**96.
            // We now need to multiply r by:
            // * the scale factor s = ~6.031367120.
            // * the 2**k factor from the range reduction.
            // * the 1e18 / 2**96 factor for base conversion.
            // We do this all at once, with an intermediate result in 2**213
            // basis, so the final right shift is always by a positive amount.
            r = int256((uint256(r) * 3822833074963236453042738258902158003155416615667) >> uint256(195 - k));
        }
    }
    function lnWad(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 r) {
        unchecked {
            require(x > 0, "UNDEFINED");
            // We want to convert x from 10**18 fixed point to 2**96 fixed point.
            // We do this by multiplying by 2**96 / 10**18. But since
            // ln(x * C) = ln(x) + ln(C), we can simply do nothing here
            // and add ln(2**96 / 10**18) at the end.
            // Reduce range of x to (1, 2) * 2**96
            // ln(2^k * x) = k * ln(2) + ln(x)
            int256 k = int256(log2(uint256(x))) - 96;
            x <<= uint256(159 - k);
            x = int256(uint256(x) >> 159);
            // Evaluate using a (8, 8)-term rational approximation.
            // p is made monic, we will multiply by a scale factor later.
            int256 p = x + 3273285459638523848632254066296;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) + 24828157081833163892658089445524;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) + 43456485725739037958740375743393;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) - 11111509109440967052023855526967;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) - 45023709667254063763336534515857;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) - 14706773417378608786704636184526;
            p = p * x - (795164235651350426258249787498 << 96);
            // We leave p in 2**192 basis so we don't need to scale it back up for the division.
            // q is monic by convention.
            int256 q = x + 5573035233440673466300451813936;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 71694874799317883764090561454958;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 283447036172924575727196451306956;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 401686690394027663651624208769553;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 204048457590392012362485061816622;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 31853899698501571402653359427138;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 909429971244387300277376558375;
            assembly {
                // Div in assembly because solidity adds a zero check despite the unchecked.
                // The q polynomial is known not to have zeros in the domain.
                // No scaling required because p is already 2**96 too large.
                r := sdiv(p, q)
            }
            // r is in the range (0, 0.125) * 2**96
            // Finalization, we need to:
            // * multiply by the scale factor s = 5.549…
            // * add ln(2**96 / 10**18)
            // * add k * ln(2)
            // * multiply by 10**18 / 2**96 = 5**18 >> 78
            // mul s * 5e18 * 2**96, base is now 5**18 * 2**192
            r *= 1677202110996718588342820967067443963516166;
            // add ln(2) * k * 5e18 * 2**192
            r += 16597577552685614221487285958193947469193820559219878177908093499208371 * k;
            // add ln(2**96 / 10**18) * 5e18 * 2**192
            r += 600920179829731861736702779321621459595472258049074101567377883020018308;
            // base conversion: mul 2**18 / 2**192
            r >>= 174;
        }
    }
    /*//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                    LOW LEVEL FIXED POINT OPERATIONS
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    function mulDivDown(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            // Store x * y in z for now.
            z := mul(x, y)
            // Equivalent to require(denominator != 0 && (x == 0 || (x * y) / x == y))
            if iszero(and(iszero(iszero(denominator)), or(iszero(x), eq(div(z, x), y)))) {
                revert(0, 0)
            }
            // Divide z by the denominator.
            z := div(z, denominator)
        }
    }
    function mulDivUp(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            // Store x * y in z for now.
            z := mul(x, y)
            // Equivalent to require(denominator != 0 && (x == 0 || (x * y) / x == y))
            if iszero(and(iszero(iszero(denominator)), or(iszero(x), eq(div(z, x), y)))) {
                revert(0, 0)
            }
            // First, divide z - 1 by the denominator and add 1.
            // We allow z - 1 to underflow if z is 0, because we multiply the
            // end result by 0 if z is zero, ensuring we return 0 if z is zero.
            z := mul(iszero(iszero(z)), add(div(sub(z, 1), denominator), 1))
        }
    }
    function rpow(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 n,
        uint256 scalar
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            switch x
            case 0 {
                switch n
                case 0 {
                    // 0 ** 0 = 1
                    z := scalar
                }
                default {
                    // 0 ** n = 0
                    z := 0
                }
            }
            default {
                switch mod(n, 2)
                case 0 {
                    // If n is even, store scalar in z for now.
                    z := scalar
                }
                default {
                    // If n is odd, store x in z for now.
                    z := x
                }
                // Shifting right by 1 is like dividing by 2.
                let half := shr(1, scalar)
                for {
                    // Shift n right by 1 before looping to halve it.
                    n := shr(1, n)
                } n {
                    // Shift n right by 1 each iteration to halve it.
                    n := shr(1, n)
                } {
                    // Revert immediately if x ** 2 would overflow.
                    // Equivalent to iszero(eq(div(xx, x), x)) here.
                    if shr(128, x) {
                        revert(0, 0)
                    }
                    // Store x squared.
                    let xx := mul(x, x)
                    // Round to the nearest number.
                    let xxRound := add(xx, half)
                    // Revert if xx + half overflowed.
                    if lt(xxRound, xx) {
                        revert(0, 0)
                    }
                    // Set x to scaled xxRound.
                    x := div(xxRound, scalar)
                    // If n is even:
                    if mod(n, 2) {
                        // Compute z * x.
                        let zx := mul(z, x)
                        // If z * x overflowed:
                        if iszero(eq(div(zx, x), z)) {
                            // Revert if x is non-zero.
                            if iszero(iszero(x)) {
                                revert(0, 0)
                            }
                        }
                        // Round to the nearest number.
                        let zxRound := add(zx, half)
                        // Revert if zx + half overflowed.
                        if lt(zxRound, zx) {
                            revert(0, 0)
                        }
                        // Return properly scaled zxRound.
                        z := div(zxRound, scalar)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /*//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                        GENERAL NUMBER UTILITIES
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    function sqrt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            let y := x // We start y at x, which will help us make our initial estimate.
            z := 181 // The "correct" value is 1, but this saves a multiplication later.
            // This segment is to get a reasonable initial estimate for the Babylonian method. With a bad
            // start, the correct # of bits increases ~linearly each iteration instead of ~quadratically.
            // We check y >= 2^(k + 8) but shift right by k bits
            // each branch to ensure that if x >= 256, then y >= 256.
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x10000000000000000000000000000000000)) {
                y := shr(128, y)
                z := shl(64, z)
            }
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x1000000000000000000)) {
                y := shr(64, y)
                z := shl(32, z)
            }
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x10000000000)) {
                y := shr(32, y)
                z := shl(16, z)
            }
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x1000000)) {
                y := shr(16, y)
                z := shl(8, z)
            }
            // Goal was to get z*z*y within a small factor of x. More iterations could
            // get y in a tighter range. Currently, we will have y in [256, 256*2^16).
            // We ensured y >= 256 so that the relative difference between y and y+1 is small.
            // That's not possible if x < 256 but we can just verify those cases exhaustively.
            // Now, z*z*y <= x < z*z*(y+1), and y <= 2^(16+8), and either y >= 256, or x < 256.
            // Correctness can be checked exhaustively for x < 256, so we assume y >= 256.
            // Then z*sqrt(y) is within sqrt(257)/sqrt(256) of sqrt(x), or about 20bps.
            // For s in the range [1/256, 256], the estimate f(s) = (181/1024) * (s+1) is in the range
            // (1/2.84 * sqrt(s), 2.84 * sqrt(s)), with largest error when s = 1 and when s = 256 or 1/256.
            // Since y is in [256, 256*2^16), let a = y/65536, so that a is in [1/256, 256). Then we can estimate
            // sqrt(y) using sqrt(65536) * 181/1024 * (a + 1) = 181/4 * (y + 65536)/65536 = 181 * (y + 65536)/2^18.
            // There is no overflow risk here since y < 2^136 after the first branch above.
            z := shr(18, mul(z, add(y, 65536))) // A mul() is saved from starting z at 181.
            // Given the worst case multiplicative error of 2.84 above, 7 iterations should be enough.
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            // If x+1 is a perfect square, the Babylonian method cycles between
            // floor(sqrt(x)) and ceil(sqrt(x)). This statement ensures we return floor.
            // See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_square_root#Using_only_integer_division
            // Since the ceil is rare, we save gas on the assignment and repeat division in the rare case.
            // If you don't care whether the floor or ceil square root is returned, you can remove this statement.
            z := sub(z, lt(div(x, z), z))
        }
    }
    function log2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 r) {
        require(x > 0, "UNDEFINED");
        assembly {
            r := shl(7, lt(0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff, x))
            r := or(r, shl(6, lt(0xffffffffffffffff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(5, lt(0xffffffff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(4, lt(0xffff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(3, lt(0xff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(2, lt(0xf, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(1, lt(0x3, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, lt(0x1, shr(r, x)))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Ownable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
import { Proxy } from "src/universal/Proxy.sol";
import { AddressManager } from "src/legacy/AddressManager.sol";
import { L1ChugSplashProxy } from "src/legacy/L1ChugSplashProxy.sol";
import { Constants } from "src/libraries/Constants.sol";
/// @title IStaticERC1967Proxy
/// @notice IStaticERC1967Proxy is a static version of the ERC1967 proxy interface.
interface IStaticERC1967Proxy {
    function implementation() external view returns (address);
    function admin() external view returns (address);
}
/// @title IStaticL1ChugSplashProxy
/// @notice IStaticL1ChugSplashProxy is a static version of the ChugSplash proxy interface.
interface IStaticL1ChugSplashProxy {
    function getImplementation() external view returns (address);
    function getOwner() external view returns (address);
}
/// @title ProxyAdmin
/// @notice This is an auxiliary contract meant to be assigned as the admin of an ERC1967 Proxy,
///         based on the OpenZeppelin implementation. It has backwards compatibility logic to work
///         with the various types of proxies that have been deployed by Optimism in the past.
contract ProxyAdmin is Ownable {
    /// @notice The proxy types that the ProxyAdmin can manage.
    /// @custom:value ERC1967    Represents an ERC1967 compliant transparent proxy interface.
    /// @custom:value CHUGSPLASH Represents the Chugsplash proxy interface (legacy).
    /// @custom:value RESOLVED   Represents the ResolvedDelegate proxy (legacy).
    enum ProxyType {
        ERC1967,
        CHUGSPLASH,
        RESOLVED
    }
    /// @notice A mapping of proxy types, used for backwards compatibility.
    mapping(address => ProxyType) public proxyType;
    /// @notice A reverse mapping of addresses to names held in the AddressManager. This must be
    ///         manually kept up to date with changes in the AddressManager for this contract
    ///         to be able to work as an admin for the ResolvedDelegateProxy type.
    mapping(address => string) public implementationName;
    /// @notice The address of the address manager, this is required to manage the
    ///         ResolvedDelegateProxy type.
    AddressManager public addressManager;
    /// @notice A legacy upgrading indicator used by the old Chugsplash Proxy.
    bool internal upgrading;
    /// @param _owner Address of the initial owner of this contract.
    constructor(address _owner) Ownable() {
        _transferOwnership(_owner);
    }
    /// @notice Sets the proxy type for a given address. Only required for non-standard (legacy)
    ///         proxy types.
    /// @param _address Address of the proxy.
    /// @param _type    Type of the proxy.
    function setProxyType(address _address, ProxyType _type) external onlyOwner {
        proxyType[_address] = _type;
    }
    /// @notice Sets the implementation name for a given address. Only required for
    ///         ResolvedDelegateProxy type proxies that have an implementation name.
    /// @param _address Address of the ResolvedDelegateProxy.
    /// @param _name    Name of the implementation for the proxy.
    function setImplementationName(address _address, string memory _name) external onlyOwner {
        implementationName[_address] = _name;
    }
    /// @notice Set the address of the AddressManager. This is required to manage legacy
    ///         ResolvedDelegateProxy type proxy contracts.
    /// @param _address Address of the AddressManager.
    function setAddressManager(AddressManager _address) external onlyOwner {
        addressManager = _address;
    }
    /// @custom:legacy
    /// @notice Set an address in the address manager. Since only the owner of the AddressManager
    ///         can directly modify addresses and the ProxyAdmin will own the AddressManager, this
    ///         gives the owner of the ProxyAdmin the ability to modify addresses directly.
    /// @param _name    Name to set within the AddressManager.
    /// @param _address Address to attach to the given name.
    function setAddress(string memory _name, address _address) external onlyOwner {
        addressManager.setAddress(_name, _address);
    }
    /// @custom:legacy
    /// @notice Set the upgrading status for the Chugsplash proxy type.
    /// @param _upgrading Whether or not the system is upgrading.
    function setUpgrading(bool _upgrading) external onlyOwner {
        upgrading = _upgrading;
    }
    /// @custom:legacy
    /// @notice Legacy function used to tell ChugSplashProxy contracts if an upgrade is happening.
    /// @return Whether or not there is an upgrade going on. May not actually tell you whether an
    ///         upgrade is going on, since we don't currently plan to use this variable for anything
    ///         other than a legacy indicator to fix a UX bug in the ChugSplash proxy.
    function isUpgrading() external view returns (bool) {
        return upgrading;
    }
    /// @notice Returns the implementation of the given proxy address.
    /// @param _proxy Address of the proxy to get the implementation of.
    /// @return Address of the implementation of the proxy.
    function getProxyImplementation(address _proxy) external view returns (address) {
        ProxyType ptype = proxyType[_proxy];
        if (ptype == ProxyType.ERC1967) {
            return IStaticERC1967Proxy(_proxy).implementation();
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.CHUGSPLASH) {
            return IStaticL1ChugSplashProxy(_proxy).getImplementation();
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.RESOLVED) {
            return addressManager.getAddress(implementationName[_proxy]);
        } else {
            revert("ProxyAdmin: unknown proxy type");
        }
    }
    /// @notice Returns the admin of the given proxy address.
    /// @param _proxy Address of the proxy to get the admin of.
    /// @return Address of the admin of the proxy.
    function getProxyAdmin(address payable _proxy) external view returns (address) {
        ProxyType ptype = proxyType[_proxy];
        if (ptype == ProxyType.ERC1967) {
            return IStaticERC1967Proxy(_proxy).admin();
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.CHUGSPLASH) {
            return IStaticL1ChugSplashProxy(_proxy).getOwner();
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.RESOLVED) {
            return addressManager.owner();
        } else {
            revert("ProxyAdmin: unknown proxy type");
        }
    }
    /// @notice Updates the admin of the given proxy address.
    /// @param _proxy    Address of the proxy to update.
    /// @param _newAdmin Address of the new proxy admin.
    function changeProxyAdmin(address payable _proxy, address _newAdmin) external onlyOwner {
        ProxyType ptype = proxyType[_proxy];
        if (ptype == ProxyType.ERC1967) {
            Proxy(_proxy).changeAdmin(_newAdmin);
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.CHUGSPLASH) {
            L1ChugSplashProxy(_proxy).setOwner(_newAdmin);
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.RESOLVED) {
            addressManager.transferOwnership(_newAdmin);
        } else {
            revert("ProxyAdmin: unknown proxy type");
        }
    }
    /// @notice Changes a proxy's implementation contract.
    /// @param _proxy          Address of the proxy to upgrade.
    /// @param _implementation Address of the new implementation address.
    function upgrade(address payable _proxy, address _implementation) public onlyOwner {
        ProxyType ptype = proxyType[_proxy];
        if (ptype == ProxyType.ERC1967) {
            Proxy(_proxy).upgradeTo(_implementation);
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.CHUGSPLASH) {
            L1ChugSplashProxy(_proxy).setStorage(
                Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS, bytes32(uint256(uint160(_implementation)))
            );
        } else if (ptype == ProxyType.RESOLVED) {
            string memory name = implementationName[_proxy];
            addressManager.setAddress(name, _implementation);
        } else {
            // It should not be possible to retrieve a ProxyType value which is not matched by
            // one of the previous conditions.
            assert(false);
        }
    }
    /// @notice Changes a proxy's implementation contract and delegatecalls the new implementation
    ///         with some given data. Useful for atomic upgrade-and-initialize calls.
    /// @param _proxy          Address of the proxy to upgrade.
    /// @param _implementation Address of the new implementation address.
    /// @param _data           Data to trigger the new implementation with.
    function upgradeAndCall(
        address payable _proxy,
        address _implementation,
        bytes memory _data
    )
        external
        payable
        onlyOwner
    {
        ProxyType ptype = proxyType[_proxy];
        if (ptype == ProxyType.ERC1967) {
            Proxy(_proxy).upgradeToAndCall{ value: msg.value }(_implementation, _data);
        } else {
            // reverts if proxy type is unknown
            upgrade(_proxy, _implementation);
            (bool success,) = _proxy.call{ value: msg.value }(_data);
            require(success, "ProxyAdmin: call to proxy after upgrade failed");
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (access/Ownable.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "../utils/Context.sol";
/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * By default, the owner account will be the one that deploys the contract. This
 * can later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
abstract contract Ownable is Context {
    address private _owner;
    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    constructor() {
        _transferOwnership(_msgSender());
    }
    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        _checkOwner();
        _;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner.
     */
    function _checkOwner() internal view virtual {
        require(owner() == _msgSender(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(address(0));
    }
    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
        require(newOwner != address(0), "Ownable: new owner is the zero address");
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual {
        address oldOwner = _owner;
        _owner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Constants } from "src/libraries/Constants.sol";
/// @title Proxy
/// @notice Proxy is a transparent proxy that passes through the call if the caller is the owner or
///         if the caller is address(0), meaning that the call originated from an off-chain
///         simulation.
contract Proxy {
    /// @notice An event that is emitted each time the implementation is changed. This event is part
    ///         of the EIP-1967 specification.
    /// @param implementation The address of the implementation contract
    event Upgraded(address indexed implementation);
    /// @notice An event that is emitted each time the owner is upgraded. This event is part of the
    ///         EIP-1967 specification.
    /// @param previousAdmin The previous owner of the contract
    /// @param newAdmin      The new owner of the contract
    event AdminChanged(address previousAdmin, address newAdmin);
    /// @notice A modifier that reverts if not called by the owner or by address(0) to allow
    ///         eth_call to interact with this proxy without needing to use low-level storage
    ///         inspection. We assume that nobody is able to trigger calls from address(0) during
    ///         normal EVM execution.
    modifier proxyCallIfNotAdmin() {
        if (msg.sender == _getAdmin() || msg.sender == address(0)) {
            _;
        } else {
            // This WILL halt the call frame on completion.
            _doProxyCall();
        }
    }
    /// @notice Sets the initial admin during contract deployment. Admin address is stored at the
    ///         EIP-1967 admin storage slot so that accidental storage collision with the
    ///         implementation is not possible.
    /// @param _admin Address of the initial contract admin. Admin as the ability to access the
    ///               transparent proxy interface.
    constructor(address _admin) {
        _changeAdmin(_admin);
    }
    // slither-disable-next-line locked-ether
    receive() external payable {
        // Proxy call by default.
        _doProxyCall();
    }
    // slither-disable-next-line locked-ether
    fallback() external payable {
        // Proxy call by default.
        _doProxyCall();
    }
    /// @notice Set the implementation contract address. The code at the given address will execute
    ///         when this contract is called.
    /// @param _implementation Address of the implementation contract.
    function upgradeTo(address _implementation) public virtual proxyCallIfNotAdmin {
        _setImplementation(_implementation);
    }
    /// @notice Set the implementation and call a function in a single transaction. Useful to ensure
    ///         atomic execution of initialization-based upgrades.
    /// @param _implementation Address of the implementation contract.
    /// @param _data           Calldata to delegatecall the new implementation with.
    function upgradeToAndCall(
        address _implementation,
        bytes calldata _data
    )
        public
        payable
        virtual
        proxyCallIfNotAdmin
        returns (bytes memory)
    {
        _setImplementation(_implementation);
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = _implementation.delegatecall(_data);
        require(success, "Proxy: delegatecall to new implementation contract failed");
        return returndata;
    }
    /// @notice Changes the owner of the proxy contract. Only callable by the owner.
    /// @param _admin New owner of the proxy contract.
    function changeAdmin(address _admin) public virtual proxyCallIfNotAdmin {
        _changeAdmin(_admin);
    }
    /// @notice Gets the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @return Owner address.
    function admin() public virtual proxyCallIfNotAdmin returns (address) {
        return _getAdmin();
    }
    //// @notice Queries the implementation address.
    /// @return Implementation address.
    function implementation() public virtual proxyCallIfNotAdmin returns (address) {
        return _getImplementation();
    }
    /// @notice Sets the implementation address.
    /// @param _implementation New implementation address.
    function _setImplementation(address _implementation) internal {
        bytes32 proxyImplementation = Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            sstore(proxyImplementation, _implementation)
        }
        emit Upgraded(_implementation);
    }
    /// @notice Changes the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @param _admin New owner of the proxy contract.
    function _changeAdmin(address _admin) internal {
        address previous = _getAdmin();
        bytes32 proxyOwner = Constants.PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            sstore(proxyOwner, _admin)
        }
        emit AdminChanged(previous, _admin);
    }
    /// @notice Performs the proxy call via a delegatecall.
    function _doProxyCall() internal {
        address impl = _getImplementation();
        require(impl != address(0), "Proxy: implementation not initialized");
        assembly {
            // Copy calldata into memory at 0x0....calldatasize.
            calldatacopy(0x0, 0x0, calldatasize())
            // Perform the delegatecall, make sure to pass all available gas.
            let success := delegatecall(gas(), impl, 0x0, calldatasize(), 0x0, 0x0)
            // Copy returndata into memory at 0x0....returndatasize. Note that this *will*
            // overwrite the calldata that we just copied into memory but that doesn't really
            // matter because we'll be returning in a second anyway.
            returndatacopy(0x0, 0x0, returndatasize())
            // Success == 0 means a revert. We'll revert too and pass the data up.
            if iszero(success) { revert(0x0, returndatasize()) }
            // Otherwise we'll just return and pass the data up.
            return(0x0, returndatasize())
        }
    }
    /// @notice Queries the implementation address.
    /// @return Implementation address.
    function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
        address impl;
        bytes32 proxyImplementation = Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            impl := sload(proxyImplementation)
        }
        return impl;
    }
    /// @notice Queries the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @return Owner address.
    function _getAdmin() internal view returns (address) {
        address owner;
        bytes32 proxyOwner = Constants.PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            owner := sload(proxyOwner)
        }
        return owner;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Ownable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
/// @custom:legacy
/// @title AddressManager
/// @notice AddressManager is a legacy contract that was used in the old version of the Optimism
///         system to manage a registry of string names to addresses. We now use a more standard
///         proxy system instead, but this contract is still necessary for backwards compatibility
///         with several older contracts.
contract AddressManager is Ownable {
    /// @notice Mapping of the hashes of string names to addresses.
    mapping(bytes32 => address) private addresses;
    /// @notice Emitted when an address is modified in the registry.
    /// @param name       String name being set in the registry.
    /// @param newAddress Address set for the given name.
    /// @param oldAddress Address that was previously set for the given name.
    event AddressSet(string indexed name, address newAddress, address oldAddress);
    /// @notice Changes the address associated with a particular name.
    /// @param _name    String name to associate an address with.
    /// @param _address Address to associate with the name.
    function setAddress(string memory _name, address _address) external onlyOwner {
        bytes32 nameHash = _getNameHash(_name);
        address oldAddress = addresses[nameHash];
        addresses[nameHash] = _address;
        emit AddressSet(_name, _address, oldAddress);
    }
    /// @notice Retrieves the address associated with a given name.
    /// @param _name Name to retrieve an address for.
    /// @return Address associated with the given name.
    function getAddress(string memory _name) external view returns (address) {
        return addresses[_getNameHash(_name)];
    }
    /// @notice Computes the hash of a name.
    /// @param _name Name to compute a hash for.
    /// @return Hash of the given name.
    function _getNameHash(string memory _name) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_name));
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Constants } from "src/libraries/Constants.sol";
/// @title IL1ChugSplashDeployer
interface IL1ChugSplashDeployer {
    function isUpgrading() external view returns (bool);
}
/// @custom:legacy
/// @title L1ChugSplashProxy
/// @notice Basic ChugSplash proxy contract for L1. Very close to being a normal proxy but has added
///         functions `setCode` and `setStorage` for changing the code or storage of the contract.
///         Note for future developers: do NOT make anything in this contract 'public' unless you
///         know what you're doing. Anything public can potentially have a function signature that
///         conflicts with a signature attached to the implementation contract. Public functions
///         SHOULD always have the `proxyCallIfNotOwner` modifier unless there's some *really* good
///         reason not to have that modifier. And there almost certainly is not a good reason to not
///         have that modifier. Beware!
contract L1ChugSplashProxy {
    /// @notice "Magic" prefix. When prepended to some arbitrary bytecode and used to create a
    ///         contract, the appended bytecode will be deployed as given.
    bytes13 internal constant DEPLOY_CODE_PREFIX = 0x600D380380600D6000396000f3;
    /// @notice Blocks a function from being called when the parent signals that the system should
    ///         be paused via an isUpgrading function.
    modifier onlyWhenNotPaused() {
        address owner = _getOwner();
        // We do a low-level call because there's no guarantee that the owner actually *is* an
        // L1ChugSplashDeployer contract and Solidity will throw errors if we do a normal call and
        // it turns out that it isn't the right type of contract.
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) =
            owner.staticcall(abi.encodeWithSelector(IL1ChugSplashDeployer.isUpgrading.selector));
        // If the call was unsuccessful then we assume that there's no "isUpgrading" method and we
        // can just continue as normal. We also expect that the return value is exactly 32 bytes
        // long. If this isn't the case then we can safely ignore the result.
        if (success && returndata.length == 32) {
            // Although the expected value is a *boolean*, it's safer to decode as a uint256 in the
            // case that the isUpgrading function returned something other than 0 or 1. But we only
            // really care about the case where this value is 0 (= false).
            uint256 ret = abi.decode(returndata, (uint256));
            require(ret == 0, "L1ChugSplashProxy: system is currently being upgraded");
        }
        _;
    }
    /// @notice Makes a proxy call instead of triggering the given function when the caller is
    ///         either the owner or the zero address. Caller can only ever be the zero address if
    ///         this function is being called off-chain via eth_call, which is totally fine and can
    ///         be convenient for client-side tooling. Avoids situations where the proxy and
    ///         implementation share a sighash and the proxy function ends up being called instead
    ///         of the implementation one.
    ///         Note: msg.sender == address(0) can ONLY be triggered off-chain via eth_call. If
    ///         there's a way for someone to send a transaction with msg.sender == address(0) in any
    ///         real context then we have much bigger problems. Primary reason to include this
    ///         additional allowed sender is because the owner address can be changed dynamically
    ///         and we do not want clients to have to keep track of the current owner in order to
    ///         make an eth_call that doesn't trigger the proxied contract.
    // slither-disable-next-line incorrect-modifier
    modifier proxyCallIfNotOwner() {
        if (msg.sender == _getOwner() || msg.sender == address(0)) {
            _;
        } else {
            // This WILL halt the call frame on completion.
            _doProxyCall();
        }
    }
    /// @param _owner Address of the initial contract owner.
    constructor(address _owner) {
        _setOwner(_owner);
    }
    // slither-disable-next-line locked-ether
    receive() external payable {
        // Proxy call by default.
        _doProxyCall();
    }
    // slither-disable-next-line locked-ether
    fallback() external payable {
        // Proxy call by default.
        _doProxyCall();
    }
    /// @notice Sets the code that should be running behind this proxy.
    ///         Note: This scheme is a bit different from the standard proxy scheme where one would
    ///         typically deploy the code separately and then set the implementation address. We're
    ///         doing it this way because it gives us a lot more freedom on the client side. Can
    ///         only be triggered by the contract owner.
    /// @param _code New contract code to run inside this contract.
    function setCode(bytes memory _code) external proxyCallIfNotOwner {
        // Get the code hash of the current implementation.
        address implementation = _getImplementation();
        // If the code hash matches the new implementation then we return early.
        if (keccak256(_code) == _getAccountCodeHash(implementation)) {
            return;
        }
        // Create the deploycode by appending the magic prefix.
        bytes memory deploycode = abi.encodePacked(DEPLOY_CODE_PREFIX, _code);
        // Deploy the code and set the new implementation address.
        address newImplementation;
        assembly {
            newImplementation := create(0x0, add(deploycode, 0x20), mload(deploycode))
        }
        // Check that the code was actually deployed correctly. I'm not sure if you can ever
        // actually fail this check. Should only happen if the contract creation from above runs
        // out of gas but this parent execution thread does NOT run out of gas. Seems like we
        // should be doing this check anyway though.
        require(
            _getAccountCodeHash(newImplementation) == keccak256(_code),
            "L1ChugSplashProxy: code was not correctly deployed"
        );
        _setImplementation(newImplementation);
    }
    /// @notice Modifies some storage slot within the proxy contract. Gives us a lot of power to
    ///         perform upgrades in a more transparent way. Only callable by the owner.
    /// @param _key   Storage key to modify.
    /// @param _value New value for the storage key.
    function setStorage(bytes32 _key, bytes32 _value) external proxyCallIfNotOwner {
        assembly {
            sstore(_key, _value)
        }
    }
    /// @notice Changes the owner of the proxy contract. Only callable by the owner.
    /// @param _owner New owner of the proxy contract.
    function setOwner(address _owner) external proxyCallIfNotOwner {
        _setOwner(_owner);
    }
    /// @notice Queries the owner of the proxy contract. Can only be called by the owner OR by
    ///         making an eth_call and setting the "from" address to address(0).
    /// @return Owner address.
    function getOwner() external proxyCallIfNotOwner returns (address) {
        return _getOwner();
    }
    /// @notice Queries the implementation address. Can only be called by the owner OR by making an
    ///         eth_call and setting the "from" address to address(0).
    /// @return Implementation address.
    function getImplementation() external proxyCallIfNotOwner returns (address) {
        return _getImplementation();
    }
    /// @notice Sets the implementation address.
    /// @param _implementation New implementation address.
    function _setImplementation(address _implementation) internal {
        bytes32 proxyImplementation = Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            sstore(proxyImplementation, _implementation)
        }
    }
    /// @notice Changes the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @param _owner New owner of the proxy contract.
    function _setOwner(address _owner) internal {
        bytes32 proxyOwner = Constants.PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            sstore(proxyOwner, _owner)
        }
    }
    /// @notice Performs the proxy call via a delegatecall.
    function _doProxyCall() internal onlyWhenNotPaused {
        address implementation = _getImplementation();
        require(implementation != address(0), "L1ChugSplashProxy: implementation is not set yet");
        assembly {
            // Copy calldata into memory at 0x0....calldatasize.
            calldatacopy(0x0, 0x0, calldatasize())
            // Perform the delegatecall, make sure to pass all available gas.
            let success := delegatecall(gas(), implementation, 0x0, calldatasize(), 0x0, 0x0)
            // Copy returndata into memory at 0x0....returndatasize. Note that this *will*
            // overwrite the calldata that we just copied into memory but that doesn't really
            // matter because we'll be returning in a second anyway.
            returndatacopy(0x0, 0x0, returndatasize())
            // Success == 0 means a revert. We'll revert too and pass the data up.
            if iszero(success) { revert(0x0, returndatasize()) }
            // Otherwise we'll just return and pass the data up.
            return(0x0, returndatasize())
        }
    }
    /// @notice Queries the implementation address.
    /// @return Implementation address.
    function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
        address implementation;
        bytes32 proxyImplementation = Constants.PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            implementation := sload(proxyImplementation)
        }
        return implementation;
    }
    /// @notice Queries the owner of the proxy contract.
    /// @return Owner address.
    function _getOwner() internal view returns (address) {
        address owner;
        bytes32 proxyOwner = Constants.PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS;
        assembly {
            owner := sload(proxyOwner)
        }
        return owner;
    }
    /// @notice Gets the code hash for a given account.
    /// @param _account Address of the account to get a code hash for.
    /// @return Code hash for the account.
    function _getAccountCodeHash(address _account) internal view returns (bytes32) {
        bytes32 codeHash;
        assembly {
            codeHash := extcodehash(_account)
        }
        return codeHash;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import { ResourceMetering } from "../L1/ResourceMetering.sol";
/// @title Constants
/// @notice Constants is a library for storing constants. Simple! Don't put everything in here, just
///         the stuff used in multiple contracts. Constants that only apply to a single contract
///         should be defined in that contract instead.
library Constants {
    /// @notice Special address to be used as the tx origin for gas estimation calls in the
    ///         OptimismPortal and CrossDomainMessenger calls. You only need to use this address if
    ///         the minimum gas limit specified by the user is not actually enough to execute the
    ///         given message and you're attempting to estimate the actual necessary gas limit. We
    ///         use address(1) because it's the ecrecover precompile and therefore guaranteed to
    ///         never have any code on any EVM chain.
    address internal constant ESTIMATION_ADDRESS = address(1);
    /// @notice Value used for the L2 sender storage slot in both the OptimismPortal and the
    ///         CrossDomainMessenger contracts before an actual sender is set. This value is
    ///         non-zero to reduce the gas cost of message passing transactions.
    address internal constant DEFAULT_L2_SENDER = 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dEaD;
    /// @notice The storage slot that holds the address of a proxy implementation.
    /// @dev `bytes32(uint256(keccak256('eip1967.proxy.implementation')) - 1)`
    bytes32 internal constant PROXY_IMPLEMENTATION_ADDRESS =
        0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
    /// @notice The storage slot that holds the address of the owner.
    /// @dev `bytes32(uint256(keccak256('eip1967.proxy.admin')) - 1)`
    bytes32 internal constant PROXY_OWNER_ADDRESS = 0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103;
    /// @notice Returns the default values for the ResourceConfig. These are the recommended values
    ///         for a production network.
    function DEFAULT_RESOURCE_CONFIG() internal pure returns (ResourceMetering.ResourceConfig memory) {
        ResourceMetering.ResourceConfig memory config = ResourceMetering.ResourceConfig({
            maxResourceLimit: 20_000_000,
            elasticityMultiplier: 10,
            baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator: 8,
            minimumBaseFee: 1 gwei,
            systemTxMaxGas: 1_000_000,
            maximumBaseFee: type(uint128).max
        });
        return config;
    }
    /// @notice The `reinitailizer` input for upgradable contracts. This value must be updated
    ///         each time that the contracts are deployed.
    uint8 internal constant INITIALIZER = 1;
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Context.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }
    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { Initializable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import { Burn } from "src/libraries/Burn.sol";
import { Arithmetic } from "src/libraries/Arithmetic.sol";
/// @custom:upgradeable
/// @title ResourceMetering
/// @notice ResourceMetering implements an EIP-1559 style resource metering system where pricing
///         updates automatically based on current demand.
abstract contract ResourceMetering is Initializable {
    /// @notice Represents the various parameters that control the way in which resources are
    ///         metered. Corresponds to the EIP-1559 resource metering system.
    /// @custom:field prevBaseFee   Base fee from the previous block(s).
    /// @custom:field prevBoughtGas Amount of gas bought so far in the current block.
    /// @custom:field prevBlockNum  Last block number that the base fee was updated.
    struct ResourceParams {
        uint128 prevBaseFee;
        uint64 prevBoughtGas;
        uint64 prevBlockNum;
    }
    /// @notice Represents the configuration for the EIP-1559 based curve for the deposit gas
    ///         market. These values should be set with care as it is possible to set them in
    ///         a way that breaks the deposit gas market. The target resource limit is defined as
    ///         maxResourceLimit / elasticityMultiplier. This struct was designed to fit within a
    ///         single word. There is additional space for additions in the future.
    /// @custom:field maxResourceLimit             Represents the maximum amount of deposit gas that
    ///                                            can be purchased per block.
    /// @custom:field elasticityMultiplier         Determines the target resource limit along with
    ///                                            the resource limit.
    /// @custom:field baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator  Determines max change on fee per block.
    /// @custom:field minimumBaseFee               The min deposit base fee, it is clamped to this
    ///                                            value.
    /// @custom:field systemTxMaxGas               The amount of gas supplied to the system
    ///                                            transaction. This should be set to the same
    ///                                            number that the op-node sets as the gas limit
    ///                                            for the system transaction.
    /// @custom:field maximumBaseFee               The max deposit base fee, it is clamped to this
    ///                                            value.
    struct ResourceConfig {
        uint32 maxResourceLimit;
        uint8 elasticityMultiplier;
        uint8 baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator;
        uint32 minimumBaseFee;
        uint32 systemTxMaxGas;
        uint128 maximumBaseFee;
    }
    /// @notice EIP-1559 style gas parameters.
    ResourceParams public params;
    /// @notice Reserve extra slots (to a total of 50) in the storage layout for future upgrades.
    uint256[48] private __gap;
    /// @notice Meters access to a function based an amount of a requested resource.
    /// @param _amount Amount of the resource requested.
    modifier metered(uint64 _amount) {
        // Record initial gas amount so we can refund for it later.
        uint256 initialGas = gasleft();
        // Run the underlying function.
        _;
        // Run the metering function.
        _metered(_amount, initialGas);
    }
    /// @notice An internal function that holds all of the logic for metering a resource.
    /// @param _amount     Amount of the resource requested.
    /// @param _initialGas The amount of gas before any modifier execution.
    function _metered(uint64 _amount, uint256 _initialGas) internal {
        // Update block number and base fee if necessary.
        uint256 blockDiff = block.number - params.prevBlockNum;
        ResourceConfig memory config = _resourceConfig();
        int256 targetResourceLimit =
            int256(uint256(config.maxResourceLimit)) / int256(uint256(config.elasticityMultiplier));
        if (blockDiff > 0) {
            // Handle updating EIP-1559 style gas parameters. We use EIP-1559 to restrict the rate
            // at which deposits can be created and therefore limit the potential for deposits to
            // spam the L2 system. Fee scheme is very similar to EIP-1559 with minor changes.
            int256 gasUsedDelta = int256(uint256(params.prevBoughtGas)) - targetResourceLimit;
            int256 baseFeeDelta = (int256(uint256(params.prevBaseFee)) * gasUsedDelta)
                / (targetResourceLimit * int256(uint256(config.baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator)));
            // Update base fee by adding the base fee delta and clamp the resulting value between
            // min and max.
            int256 newBaseFee = Arithmetic.clamp({
                _value: int256(uint256(params.prevBaseFee)) + baseFeeDelta,
                _min: int256(uint256(config.minimumBaseFee)),
                _max: int256(uint256(config.maximumBaseFee))
            });
            // If we skipped more than one block, we also need to account for every empty block.
            // Empty block means there was no demand for deposits in that block, so we should
            // reflect this lack of demand in the fee.
            if (blockDiff > 1) {
                // Update the base fee by repeatedly applying the exponent 1-(1/change_denominator)
                // blockDiff - 1 times. Simulates multiple empty blocks. Clamp the resulting value
                // between min and max.
                newBaseFee = Arithmetic.clamp({
                    _value: Arithmetic.cdexp({
                        _coefficient: newBaseFee,
                        _denominator: int256(uint256(config.baseFeeMaxChangeDenominator)),
                        _exponent: int256(blockDiff - 1)
                    }),
                    _min: int256(uint256(config.minimumBaseFee)),
                    _max: int256(uint256(config.maximumBaseFee))
                });
            }
            // Update new base fee, reset bought gas, and update block number.
            params.prevBaseFee = uint128(uint256(newBaseFee));
            params.prevBoughtGas = 0;
            params.prevBlockNum = uint64(block.number);
        }
        // Make sure we can actually buy the resource amount requested by the user.
        params.prevBoughtGas += _amount;
        require(
            int256(uint256(params.prevBoughtGas)) <= int256(uint256(config.maxResourceLimit)),
            "ResourceMetering: cannot buy more gas than available gas limit"
        );
        // Determine the amount of ETH to be paid.
        uint256 resourceCost = uint256(_amount) * uint256(params.prevBaseFee);
        // We currently charge for this ETH amount as an L1 gas burn, so we convert the ETH amount
        // into gas by dividing by the L1 base fee. We assume a minimum base fee of 1 gwei to avoid
        // division by zero for L1s that don't support 1559 or to avoid excessive gas burns during
        // periods of extremely low L1 demand. One-day average gas fee hasn't dipped below 1 gwei
        // during any 1 day period in the last 5 years, so should be fine.
        uint256 gasCost = resourceCost / Math.max(block.basefee, 1 gwei);
        // Give the user a refund based on the amount of gas they used to do all of the work up to
        // this point. Since we're at the end of the modifier, this should be pretty accurate. Acts
        // effectively like a dynamic stipend (with a minimum value).
        uint256 usedGas = _initialGas - gasleft();
        if (gasCost > usedGas) {
            Burn.gas(gasCost - usedGas);
        }
    }
    /// @notice Virtual function that returns the resource config.
    ///         Contracts that inherit this contract must implement this function.
    /// @return ResourceConfig
    function _resourceConfig() internal virtual returns (ResourceConfig memory);
    /// @notice Sets initial resource parameter values.
    ///         This function must either be called by the initializer function of an upgradeable
    ///         child contract.
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __ResourceMetering_init() internal onlyInitializing {
        if (params.prevBlockNum == 0) {
            params = ResourceParams({ prevBaseFee: 1 gwei, prevBoughtGas: 0, prevBlockNum: uint64(block.number) });
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.2;
import "../../utils/Address.sol";
/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     * @custom:oz-retyped-from bool
     */
    uint8 private _initialized;
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private _initializing;
    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint8 version);
    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts. Equivalent to `reinitializer(1)`.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        bool isTopLevelCall = !_initializing;
        require(
            (isTopLevelCall && _initialized < 1) || (!Address.isContract(address(this)) && _initialized == 1),
            "Initializable: contract is already initialized"
        );
        _initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }
    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * `initializer` is equivalent to `reinitializer(1)`, so a reinitializer may be used after the original
     * initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that are added through upgrades and that require
     * initialization.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint8 version) {
        require(!_initializing && _initialized < version, "Initializable: contract is already initialized");
        _initialized = version;
        _initializing = true;
        _;
        _initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        require(_initializing, "Initializable: contract is not initializing");
        _;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        require(!_initializing, "Initializable: contract is initializing");
        if (_initialized < type(uint8).max) {
            _initialized = type(uint8).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint8).max);
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a >= b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }
    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }
            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }
            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1);
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)
                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }
            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.
            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)
                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)
                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }
            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;
            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;
            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256
            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }
    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator,
        Rounding rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. It the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`.
        // We also know that `k`, the position of the most significant bit, is such that `msb(a) = 2**k`.
        // This gives `2**k < a <= 2**(k+1)` → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2 ** (k/2+1)`.
        // Using an algorithm similar to the msb conmputation, we are able to compute `result = 2**(k/2)` which is a
        // good first aproximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1;
        uint256 x = a;
        if (x >> 128 > 0) {
            x >>= 128;
            result <<= 64;
        }
        if (x >> 64 > 0) {
            x >>= 64;
            result <<= 32;
        }
        if (x >> 32 > 0) {
            x >>= 32;
            result <<= 16;
        }
        if (x >> 16 > 0) {
            x >>= 16;
            result <<= 8;
        }
        if (x >> 8 > 0) {
            x >>= 8;
            result <<= 4;
        }
        if (x >> 4 > 0) {
            x >>= 4;
            result <<= 2;
        }
        if (x >> 2 > 0) {
            result <<= 1;
        }
        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }
    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = sqrt(a);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
/// @title Burn
/// @notice Utilities for burning stuff.
library Burn {
    /// @notice Burns a given amount of ETH.
    /// @param _amount Amount of ETH to burn.
    function eth(uint256 _amount) internal {
        new Burner{ value: _amount }();
    }
    /// @notice Burns a given amount of gas.
    /// @param _amount Amount of gas to burn.
    function gas(uint256 _amount) internal view {
        uint256 i = 0;
        uint256 initialGas = gasleft();
        while (initialGas - gasleft() < _amount) {
            ++i;
        }
    }
}
/// @title Burner
/// @notice Burner self-destructs on creation and sends all ETH to itself, removing all ETH given to
///         the contract from the circulating supply. Self-destructing is the only way to remove ETH
///         from the circulating supply.
contract Burner {
    constructor() payable {
        selfdestruct(payable(address(this)));
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL 1.1 - Copyright 2024 MetaLayer Labs Ltd.
pragma solidity 0.8.15;
import { SignedMath } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/SignedMath.sol";
import { FixedPointMathLib } from "@rari-capital/solmate/src/utils/FixedPointMathLib.sol";
/// @title Arithmetic
/// @notice Even more math than before.
library Arithmetic {
    /// @notice Clamps a value between a minimum and maximum.
    /// @param _value The value to clamp.
    /// @param _min   The minimum value.
    /// @param _max   The maximum value.
    /// @return The clamped value.
    function clamp(int256 _value, int256 _min, int256 _max) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return SignedMath.min(SignedMath.max(_value, _min), _max);
    }
    /// @notice (c)oefficient (d)enominator (exp)onentiation function.
    ///         Returns the result of: c * (1 - 1/d)^exp.
    /// @param _coefficient Coefficient of the function.
    /// @param _denominator Fractional denominator.
    /// @param _exponent    Power function exponent.
    /// @return Result of c * (1 - 1/d)^exp.
    function cdexp(int256 _coefficient, int256 _denominator, int256 _exponent) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return (_coefficient * (FixedPointMathLib.powWad(1e18 - (1e18 / _denominator), _exponent * 1e18))) / 1e18;
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (utils/Address.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.1;
/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.
        return account.code.length > 0;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");
        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: static call to non-contract");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }
    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: delegate call to non-contract");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }
    /**
     * @dev Tool to verifies that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
            if (returndata.length > 0) {
                // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                    revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
                }
            } else {
                revert(errorMessage);
            }
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
/**
 * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library SignedMath {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a >= b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
     * The result is rounded towards zero.
     */
    function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
        int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
        return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
    }
    /**
     * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
     */
    function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // must be unchecked in order to support `n = type(int256).min`
            return uint256(n >= 0 ? n : -n);
        }
    }
}
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.0;
/// @notice Arithmetic library with operations for fixed-point numbers.
/// @author Solmate (https://github.com/Rari-Capital/solmate/blob/main/src/utils/FixedPointMathLib.sol)
library FixedPointMathLib {
    /*//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                    SIMPLIFIED FIXED POINT OPERATIONS
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    uint256 internal constant WAD = 1e18; // The scalar of ETH and most ERC20s.
    function mulWadDown(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivDown(x, y, WAD); // Equivalent to (x * y) / WAD rounded down.
    }
    function mulWadUp(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivUp(x, y, WAD); // Equivalent to (x * y) / WAD rounded up.
    }
    function divWadDown(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivDown(x, WAD, y); // Equivalent to (x * WAD) / y rounded down.
    }
    function divWadUp(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDivUp(x, WAD, y); // Equivalent to (x * WAD) / y rounded up.
    }
    function powWad(int256 x, int256 y) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Equivalent to x to the power of y because x ** y = (e ** ln(x)) ** y = e ** (ln(x) * y)
        return expWad((lnWad(x) * y) / int256(WAD)); // Using ln(x) means x must be greater than 0.
    }
    function expWad(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 r) {
        unchecked {
            // When the result is < 0.5 we return zero. This happens when
            // x <= floor(log(0.5e18) * 1e18) ~ -42e18
            if (x <= -42139678854452767551) return 0;
            // When the result is > (2**255 - 1) / 1e18 we can not represent it as an
            // int. This happens when x >= floor(log((2**255 - 1) / 1e18) * 1e18) ~ 135.
            if (x >= 135305999368893231589) revert("EXP_OVERFLOW");
            // x is now in the range (-42, 136) * 1e18. Convert to (-42, 136) * 2**96
            // for more intermediate precision and a binary basis. This base conversion
            // is a multiplication by 1e18 / 2**96 = 5**18 / 2**78.
            x = (x << 78) / 5**18;
            // Reduce range of x to (-½ ln 2, ½ ln 2) * 2**96 by factoring out powers
            // of two such that exp(x) = exp(x') * 2**k, where k is an integer.
            // Solving this gives k = round(x / log(2)) and x' = x - k * log(2).
            int256 k = ((x << 96) / 54916777467707473351141471128 + 2**95) >> 96;
            x = x - k * 54916777467707473351141471128;
            // k is in the range [-61, 195].
            // Evaluate using a (6, 7)-term rational approximation.
            // p is made monic, we'll multiply by a scale factor later.
            int256 y = x + 1346386616545796478920950773328;
            y = ((y * x) >> 96) + 57155421227552351082224309758442;
            int256 p = y + x - 94201549194550492254356042504812;
            p = ((p * y) >> 96) + 28719021644029726153956944680412240;
            p = p * x + (4385272521454847904659076985693276 << 96);
            // We leave p in 2**192 basis so we don't need to scale it back up for the division.
            int256 q = x - 2855989394907223263936484059900;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 50020603652535783019961831881945;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) - 533845033583426703283633433725380;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 3604857256930695427073651918091429;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) - 14423608567350463180887372962807573;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 26449188498355588339934803723976023;
            assembly {
                // Div in assembly because solidity adds a zero check despite the unchecked.
                // The q polynomial won't have zeros in the domain as all its roots are complex.
                // No scaling is necessary because p is already 2**96 too large.
                r := sdiv(p, q)
            }
            // r should be in the range (0.09, 0.25) * 2**96.
            // We now need to multiply r by:
            // * the scale factor s = ~6.031367120.
            // * the 2**k factor from the range reduction.
            // * the 1e18 / 2**96 factor for base conversion.
            // We do this all at once, with an intermediate result in 2**213
            // basis, so the final right shift is always by a positive amount.
            r = int256((uint256(r) * 3822833074963236453042738258902158003155416615667) >> uint256(195 - k));
        }
    }
    function lnWad(int256 x) internal pure returns (int256 r) {
        unchecked {
            require(x > 0, "UNDEFINED");
            // We want to convert x from 10**18 fixed point to 2**96 fixed point.
            // We do this by multiplying by 2**96 / 10**18. But since
            // ln(x * C) = ln(x) + ln(C), we can simply do nothing here
            // and add ln(2**96 / 10**18) at the end.
            // Reduce range of x to (1, 2) * 2**96
            // ln(2^k * x) = k * ln(2) + ln(x)
            int256 k = int256(log2(uint256(x))) - 96;
            x <<= uint256(159 - k);
            x = int256(uint256(x) >> 159);
            // Evaluate using a (8, 8)-term rational approximation.
            // p is made monic, we will multiply by a scale factor later.
            int256 p = x + 3273285459638523848632254066296;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) + 24828157081833163892658089445524;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) + 43456485725739037958740375743393;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) - 11111509109440967052023855526967;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) - 45023709667254063763336534515857;
            p = ((p * x) >> 96) - 14706773417378608786704636184526;
            p = p * x - (795164235651350426258249787498 << 96);
            // We leave p in 2**192 basis so we don't need to scale it back up for the division.
            // q is monic by convention.
            int256 q = x + 5573035233440673466300451813936;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 71694874799317883764090561454958;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 283447036172924575727196451306956;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 401686690394027663651624208769553;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 204048457590392012362485061816622;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 31853899698501571402653359427138;
            q = ((q * x) >> 96) + 909429971244387300277376558375;
            assembly {
                // Div in assembly because solidity adds a zero check despite the unchecked.
                // The q polynomial is known not to have zeros in the domain.
                // No scaling required because p is already 2**96 too large.
                r := sdiv(p, q)
            }
            // r is in the range (0, 0.125) * 2**96
            // Finalization, we need to:
            // * multiply by the scale factor s = 5.549…
            // * add ln(2**96 / 10**18)
            // * add k * ln(2)
            // * multiply by 10**18 / 2**96 = 5**18 >> 78
            // mul s * 5e18 * 2**96, base is now 5**18 * 2**192
            r *= 1677202110996718588342820967067443963516166;
            // add ln(2) * k * 5e18 * 2**192
            r += 16597577552685614221487285958193947469193820559219878177908093499208371 * k;
            // add ln(2**96 / 10**18) * 5e18 * 2**192
            r += 600920179829731861736702779321621459595472258049074101567377883020018308;
            // base conversion: mul 2**18 / 2**192
            r >>= 174;
        }
    }
    /*//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                    LOW LEVEL FIXED POINT OPERATIONS
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    function mulDivDown(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            // Store x * y in z for now.
            z := mul(x, y)
            // Equivalent to require(denominator != 0 && (x == 0 || (x * y) / x == y))
            if iszero(and(iszero(iszero(denominator)), or(iszero(x), eq(div(z, x), y)))) {
                revert(0, 0)
            }
            // Divide z by the denominator.
            z := div(z, denominator)
        }
    }
    function mulDivUp(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            // Store x * y in z for now.
            z := mul(x, y)
            // Equivalent to require(denominator != 0 && (x == 0 || (x * y) / x == y))
            if iszero(and(iszero(iszero(denominator)), or(iszero(x), eq(div(z, x), y)))) {
                revert(0, 0)
            }
            // First, divide z - 1 by the denominator and add 1.
            // We allow z - 1 to underflow if z is 0, because we multiply the
            // end result by 0 if z is zero, ensuring we return 0 if z is zero.
            z := mul(iszero(iszero(z)), add(div(sub(z, 1), denominator), 1))
        }
    }
    function rpow(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 n,
        uint256 scalar
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            switch x
            case 0 {
                switch n
                case 0 {
                    // 0 ** 0 = 1
                    z := scalar
                }
                default {
                    // 0 ** n = 0
                    z := 0
                }
            }
            default {
                switch mod(n, 2)
                case 0 {
                    // If n is even, store scalar in z for now.
                    z := scalar
                }
                default {
                    // If n is odd, store x in z for now.
                    z := x
                }
                // Shifting right by 1 is like dividing by 2.
                let half := shr(1, scalar)
                for {
                    // Shift n right by 1 before looping to halve it.
                    n := shr(1, n)
                } n {
                    // Shift n right by 1 each iteration to halve it.
                    n := shr(1, n)
                } {
                    // Revert immediately if x ** 2 would overflow.
                    // Equivalent to iszero(eq(div(xx, x), x)) here.
                    if shr(128, x) {
                        revert(0, 0)
                    }
                    // Store x squared.
                    let xx := mul(x, x)
                    // Round to the nearest number.
                    let xxRound := add(xx, half)
                    // Revert if xx + half overflowed.
                    if lt(xxRound, xx) {
                        revert(0, 0)
                    }
                    // Set x to scaled xxRound.
                    x := div(xxRound, scalar)
                    // If n is even:
                    if mod(n, 2) {
                        // Compute z * x.
                        let zx := mul(z, x)
                        // If z * x overflowed:
                        if iszero(eq(div(zx, x), z)) {
                            // Revert if x is non-zero.
                            if iszero(iszero(x)) {
                                revert(0, 0)
                            }
                        }
                        // Round to the nearest number.
                        let zxRound := add(zx, half)
                        // Revert if zx + half overflowed.
                        if lt(zxRound, zx) {
                            revert(0, 0)
                        }
                        // Return properly scaled zxRound.
                        z := div(zxRound, scalar)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /*//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                        GENERAL NUMBER UTILITIES
    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////*/
    function sqrt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 z) {
        assembly {
            let y := x // We start y at x, which will help us make our initial estimate.
            z := 181 // The "correct" value is 1, but this saves a multiplication later.
            // This segment is to get a reasonable initial estimate for the Babylonian method. With a bad
            // start, the correct # of bits increases ~linearly each iteration instead of ~quadratically.
            // We check y >= 2^(k + 8) but shift right by k bits
            // each branch to ensure that if x >= 256, then y >= 256.
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x10000000000000000000000000000000000)) {
                y := shr(128, y)
                z := shl(64, z)
            }
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x1000000000000000000)) {
                y := shr(64, y)
                z := shl(32, z)
            }
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x10000000000)) {
                y := shr(32, y)
                z := shl(16, z)
            }
            if iszero(lt(y, 0x1000000)) {
                y := shr(16, y)
                z := shl(8, z)
            }
            // Goal was to get z*z*y within a small factor of x. More iterations could
            // get y in a tighter range. Currently, we will have y in [256, 256*2^16).
            // We ensured y >= 256 so that the relative difference between y and y+1 is small.
            // That's not possible if x < 256 but we can just verify those cases exhaustively.
            // Now, z*z*y <= x < z*z*(y+1), and y <= 2^(16+8), and either y >= 256, or x < 256.
            // Correctness can be checked exhaustively for x < 256, so we assume y >= 256.
            // Then z*sqrt(y) is within sqrt(257)/sqrt(256) of sqrt(x), or about 20bps.
            // For s in the range [1/256, 256], the estimate f(s) = (181/1024) * (s+1) is in the range
            // (1/2.84 * sqrt(s), 2.84 * sqrt(s)), with largest error when s = 1 and when s = 256 or 1/256.
            // Since y is in [256, 256*2^16), let a = y/65536, so that a is in [1/256, 256). Then we can estimate
            // sqrt(y) using sqrt(65536) * 181/1024 * (a + 1) = 181/4 * (y + 65536)/65536 = 181 * (y + 65536)/2^18.
            // There is no overflow risk here since y < 2^136 after the first branch above.
            z := shr(18, mul(z, add(y, 65536))) // A mul() is saved from starting z at 181.
            // Given the worst case multiplicative error of 2.84 above, 7 iterations should be enough.
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            z := shr(1, add(z, div(x, z)))
            // If x+1 is a perfect square, the Babylonian method cycles between
            // floor(sqrt(x)) and ceil(sqrt(x)). This statement ensures we return floor.
            // See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_square_root#Using_only_integer_division
            // Since the ceil is rare, we save gas on the assignment and repeat division in the rare case.
            // If you don't care whether the floor or ceil square root is returned, you can remove this statement.
            z := sub(z, lt(div(x, z), z))
        }
    }
    function log2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 r) {
        require(x > 0, "UNDEFINED");
        assembly {
            r := shl(7, lt(0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff, x))
            r := or(r, shl(6, lt(0xffffffffffffffff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(5, lt(0xffffffff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(4, lt(0xffff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(3, lt(0xff, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(2, lt(0xf, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, shl(1, lt(0x3, shr(r, x))))
            r := or(r, lt(0x1, shr(r, x)))
        }
    }
}